eNkovukenibaseline
1.1OVERVIEW
!"#$%&#!'(()*+,!*'$-+,!-'*.$)+*%(//01!*('*+,!*(2(.0'10/()$*345*'!)+/!6*7!+8!!'*+,-!!*/0#!)*$'*
+,!*$'!*)(6!*0'6*+,!*)!0*$'*+,!*$+,!-9*:,!-!*0-!*;-!)!'+/<*=>*,$&)!,$/6)*('*+,()*?$..&'(+<9*
*
5??!))*+$*+,!*0-!0*()*)!%!-!/<*/(.(+!6@*0)*+,!*-$06*+$*+,!*%(//01!*7!?0.!*(.;0))07/!*)$.!*<!0-)*
01$9*5??!))*()*7<*?-$))('1*+,!*/0#!*!(+,!-*$'*A$$+@*$-*$'*0*).0//*7$0+*BC*;!$;/!D@*8,(?,*()*('*%!-<*
706*),0;!9*E0-1!-*(+!.)*?0'*7!*7-$&1,+*0?-$))*7<*+-0?+$-*0'6*+-0(/!-*0-$&'6*+,!*'$-+,*!'6*$A*+,!*
=rd*/0#!9*:,!-!*()*0*/0-1!-*.$+$-()!6*7$0+*8,(?,*()*&)!6*A$-*+-0');$-+('1*/!0-'!-)*0?-$))*+,!*/0#!*
+$*+,!*,(1,*)?,$$/*0'6*A$-*;0<('1*;0))!'1!-)9*:,!*;-(?!*$A*0*+-(;*()*,$8!%!-*!F$-7(+0'+*0+*0-$&'6*
GHIIJ*GKIIL*+-(;9
*
M(),('1*0'6*?$0)+0/*.0-('!*,0-%!)+('1*('*+,!*0-!0*()*!F+!')(%!@*8(+,*0//*,$&)!,$/6)*&'6!-+0#('1*
+,()*0?+(%(+<N*)$.!*A$-*A$$6*0'6*)$.!*A$-*)0/!9*2!//('1*()*6$'!*+,-$&1,*0--0'1!.!'+)*8(+,*7&<!-)*
$&+)(6!*+,!*%(//01!9*:,!-!*()*-!?$1'(+($'*('*+,!*?$..&'(+<*+,0+*$%!-*,0-%!)+('1*()*,0;;!'('1@*7&+*
/$?0/)*,0%!*A!8*0/+!-'0+(%!*/(%!/(,$$6*$;+($')*0'6*.0('+0('*+,!(-*0'?!)+-0/*-(1,+)*+$*+,!*O),*
#-00/)*P*-$&1,/<*Q>*A0.(/(!)9*E('!*O),('1*0'6*-!!A*,0-%!)+('1*0-!*0/)$*?$..$'9
*
E0'6*,$/6('1*0)*&'6!-)+$$6*7<*+,!*?$..&'(+<*()*)+(//*0??$-6('1*+$*+,!*+-06(+($'0/*0//$?0+($')9*
:,!*%()(7/!*,$.!)+!06)*0-!*'$+*+,!*A&//*!F+!'+*$A*+,!)!*,$/6('1)*0)*!0?,*A0.(/<*80)*;-$%(6!6*
-$&1,/<*Q,0*)(R!6*;/$+)*BQII.FC>.D9*S'*066(+($'@*A0.(/(!)*)+(//*?/0(.*+,!*;/$+)*$A*+,!(-*A0.(/<*
.!.7!-)*8,$*?,$)!*+$*-!/$?0+!*8,!'*+,!*-!)!-%!*80)*A$-.!69*:,!*+-06(+($'0/*;-0?+()!*$A*
!F+!'6('1*,$.!)+!06)*A$-*06&/+*)$')*0'6*$T);-('1*+$*)!+*&;*+,!(-*$8'*,$.!)+!06)*()*)+(//*
;-0?+()!69*
*
:,!-!*()*'$*!/!?+-(?(+<*('*+,!*?$..&'(+<*0'6*0//*,$&)!,$/6)*,0-%!)+*O-!8$$6*/$?0//<9*3$)+*$A*+,!*
,$&)!,$/6)*,0%!*).0//*)$/0-*;0'!/)@*7&+*A$-*+,!*.0U$-(+<*?,0-1('1*)<)+!.)*?$&/6*'$+*7!*
.0('+0('!6*B(9!9*70++!-(!)*0'6*('%!-+!-)D*0'6*+,&)*+,!*;0'!/)*?0'*7!*&)!6*6&-('1*+,!*60<*$'/<*+$*
?,0-1!*;,$'!)*0'6*+,!*/(#!9*M-(61!)*0'6*)+$%!)*0-!*10)*;$8!-!6@*7&+*6&!*+$*?$)+*0'6*0??!))@*
+,()*()*0*/&F&-<*0T$-607/!*$'/<*7!*0*A!8*$A*+,!*,$&)!,$/6)9*4$-+!-)*?,0-1!*0-$&'6*GHI*+$*?0--<*
+,!*7$++/!)*&;*A-$.*+,!*/0#!9
*
V0+!-*0??!))*()*!F+-!.!/<*/(.(+!69*:,!*.0U$-(+<*$A*,$&)!,$/6)*,0%!*0*'&.7!-*$A*-0('80+!-*
)+$-01!*A0?(/(+(!)*P*.$)+/<*WWIIE*X$JX$*+0'#)*0'6*WII/*6-&.)*0'6*-!/<*,!0%(/<*$'*+,!)!*A$-*60(/<*
0??!))9**5*?$..&'0/*7$-!,$/!*,0)*7!!'*!Y&(;;!6*8(+,*0*;!+-$/*;&.;*0'6*+8$*,!06!-*+0'#)*
BQIIII/*?0;0?(+<D*+,-$&1,*)&;;$-+*A-$.*+,!*E$?0/*3&'(?(;0/(+<*0'6*V(/6+-&)+9*5/+,$&1,*80+!-*()*
'$8*?/$)!-*+$*+,!*,$&)!,$/6)J*(+*()*)+(//*0*)(1'(O?0'+*80/#*A$-*,$&)!,$/6)9*:,!(-*0--0'1!.!'+*()*
+,0+*(A*0*,$&)!,$/6*80'+*80+!-@*+,!<*7&<*A&!/*0'6*;&.;*0'6*?$//!?+*A-$.*+,!*,!06!-*+0'#)@*+,&)*
.!0'('1*$'/<*+,$)!*8,$*?0'*0T$-6*+$*;0<*?0'*,0%!*0??!))9*V(/6+-&)+*()*;-$%(6('1*/(.(+!6*
0??!))*+$*+,!*?$..&'(+<*0+*+,!*,&79**Z&!*+$*+,!*%!-<*);-!06J$&+*'0+&-!*$A*+,!*,$.!)+!06)@*
;-$%()($'*$A*0??!))*+$*80+!-*8(+,('*+,!*6!O'!6*/(.(+)*$A*0-$&'6*WII.*A-$.*0*,$.!)+!06*8(//*7!*
!F+-!.!/<*6(T(?&/+*+$*0?,(!%!9*V0+!-*()*0%0(/07/!*$'/<*0+*/$8!-*!/!%0+($')@*?/$)!-*+$*+,!*/0#!@*
.!0'('1*+,!*!F;!')(%!*;&.;('1*0--0'1!.!'+)*0-!*+,!*$'/<*$;+($')*A$-*7-('1('1*80+!-*?/$)!-*+$*
+,!*,$&)!,$/6)9
*
S--(10+($'*A$-*('+!')(%!*%!1!+07/!*;-$6&?+($'*()*'$+*;-!)!'+/<*0'*$;+($'*('*+,!*%(//01!9*:,!*.0U$-(+<*
$A*,$&)!,$/6)*&'6!-+0#!*0*).0//*0.$&'+*$A*6-</0'6*?-$;;('1*0+*+,!(-*,$.!)+!06)N*;-(.0-(/<*
?0))0%0@*+-06(+($'0/*1$&-6)*0'6*;&.;#(')*0'6*;!0'&+)*P*0)*+,!)!*?-$;)*0-!*1!'!-0//<*07/!*+$*
)&-%(%!*;-!60+($'*7<*.$'#!<)*0'6*[(;;$)\9*5*;-$;$-+($'*$A*+,!*,$&)!,$/6)*,0%!*0++!.;+!6*
,$.!.06!*A!'?('1*+$*;-$+!?+*+,!(-*?-$;)J*7&+*('*0//*?0)!)*+,()*,0)*7!!'*('06!Y&0+!9**5*
?$..&'0/*10-6!'*B]Q,0D*('*0*A!'?!6*0-!0*(')(6!*0*/0-1!*8!+/0'6*07&++('1*/0#!*W*,0)*;-$%(6!6*
1!'!-0+($'0/*0??!))*A$-*,$&)!,$/6)*+$*%!1!+07/!*;-$6&?+($'*;/$+)9**2,(A+('1*?&/+(%0+($'*()*&)!6*
A$-*+,()*10-6!'@*8,(?,*()*.$%!6*!%!-<*6!?06!*$-*)$9*:,!*0-!0*&'6!-*?&/+(%0+($'@*()*0*).0//*;$-+($'*
$A*+,!*$%!-0//*8!+/0'6*0-!09*4-!)!'+/<*0-$&'6*Q>*,$&)!,$/6)*0-!*0?+(%!9*:,!*A!'?('1*()*6$'!*7<*
+,!*?$..&'(+<*+,!.)!/%!)9*:,!*;-0?+()!*()*$'!*$A*-0()!6*7!6)*7!+8!!'*80+!-*?,0''!/)@*
A!-+(/(R!6*8(+,*.0'&-!*7-$&1,+*6$8'*+$*+,!*10-6!'*0'6*$-10'(?*.0++!-*A-$.*?/!0-!6*-!!6)*0'6*
%!1!+0+($'9*^0?,*;!-)$'*,0)*0??!))*+$*0-$&'6*WJ=*F
*
QII.2*;/$+)9*:,!*80/#*+$*+,()*10-6!'*()*
-$&1,/<*Q#.*A$-*.$)+*,$&)!,$/6)9**2$.!*,$&)!,$/6)*6$*'$+*0??!))*+,()*10-6!'*0)*(+*()*+$$*A0-*
A$-*+,!.*+$*80/#9*_$..$'/<*1-$8'*?-$;)*0-!*)8!!+*;$+0+$!)@*1-!!'*;!;;!-)*0'6*$'($')@*
;-(.0-(/<*A$-*,$&)!,$/6*?$')&.;+($'*0'6*),0-('1*$'/<9*40-+(?(;0'+)*1-$8*+,!(-*$8'*)!!6/('1)*
A-$.*+,!*/(.(+!6*-0'1!*$A*)!!6*+,!<*?0'*0??!))*('*30'1&R(9
*
E(%!)+$?#*,&)70'6-<*()*;-0?+(?!6*7<*0*/(.(+!6*'&.7!-*$A*,$&)!,$/6)@*=*0??$-6('1*+$*0*A$?&)*
1-$&;*6()?&))($'*?$..!'+9*[!-6)*0-!*U$('!6*A$-*WJ=*,$&)!,$/6)*8,$*!.;/$<*0*,!-6!-*+$1!+,!-9*
:,()*,!-6)*,0%!*-$&1,/<*HIJCI*,!06)*$A*?0++/!9*_0++/!*0-!*80/#!6*6$8'*+$*/0#!*Q@*!%!-<*60<*+$*
6-('#*80+!-*P*8,(?,*,0)*/!6*+$*'&.!-$&)*A$$+;0+,)*1$('1*6$8'*+,-$&1,*+,!*A$-!)+!6*0-!0@*)$.!*
$A*+,!.*Y&(+!*!-$6!69*M0.(/(!)*0/)$*#!!;*1$0+)*('*,!-6)*$A*7!+8!!'*QIJ=I@*8,(?,*0-!*/!A+*+$*
-$0.*A-!!/<9*4$&/+-<*()*'$+*?$..$'*BQ`a*$A*,$&)!,$/6)D@*0/+,$&1,*;-!)!'+@*b$?#)*0-!*).0//*
B5%!c>*?,(?#!')D*0'6*,!0%(/<*;-!60+!69
*
_-0A+*('*+,!*A$-.*.$)+/<*$A*.0+)@*70)#!+)*0'6*7!068$-#*()*)+(//*?$..$'*('*+,!*%(//01!9*E$?0/*
-!)$&-?!)*0-!*&)!6*0'6*-!!6*0'6*;0/.*A-$'6)*0-!*0/)$*,0-%!)+!6*0'6*)$/6*$&+)(6!*$A*+,!*0-!09*
S'?$.!)*,!-!*0-!*%!-<*).0//9*
*
d'/<*0-$&'6*Q>JWIa*$A*+,!*?$..&'(+<*,0%!*+$(/!)*BeS4)D9**5-$&'6*W>a*$A*+,!*,$&)!,$/6)*%()(+!6*
0-!*('*+,!*;-$?!))*$A*!-!?+('1*A&-+,!-*).0//*68!//('1)*('*+,!(-*,$.!)+!06)9*5*A&-+,!-*W>a*$A*+,!*
,$&)!,$/6)*,0%!*)!%!-!/<*('06!Y&0+!*0'6*?-&.7/('1*,$&)('1*0'6*/(++/!*+$*'$*A!'?('1*0-$&'6*
+,!(-*,$.!)+!06)9*
*
*[!0/+,*A0?(/(+(!)*'!!6*+$*7!*0??!))!6*0?-$))*+,!*/0#!*('*5.0R0.70'!9*:,!-!*()*0*).0//*;-(.0-<*
)?,$$/*('*+,!*%(//01!*8(+,*0-$&'6*`I*/!0-'!-)9**d'!*,$&)!,$/6*-&')*0*);0R0*),$;*0'6*+0%!-'*('*
+,!*%(//01!9*f'!.;/$<.!'+*()*!F+-!.!/<*,(1,*8(+,*QIIa*&'!.;/$<.!'+@*8,!-!*,$&)!,$/6)*-!/<*
;-(.0-(/<*$'*1-0'+)@*),$-+*+!-.*U$7*?-!0+($'*;-$1-0..!)*0'6*&)!*$A*/$?0/*-!)$&-?!)*+$*)&-%(%!9*
:,!*/0++!-*()*A$-*7$+,*;,<)(?0/*0'6*.!'+0/*6()07(/(+(!)*0'6*()*0??!))!6*);$-06(?0//<*7<*0-$&'6*
Q>a*$A*+,!*,$&)!,$/6)9**^.;/$<.!'+*()*;-$%(6!6*+,-$&1,*),$-+*+!-.*?$'+-0?+)*;-(.0-(/<*A$-*
<$&+,*7<*7$+,*(2(.0'10/()$*B^4V4*0'6*('+!-'),(;)D*0'6*+,!*V(/6+-&)+*B('+!-'),(;)*0'6*<$&+,*
!.;/$<.!'+*;-$1-0..!)D*0'6*,0)*;-$%(6!6*)$.!*O'0'?(0/*)&;;$-+*+$*-$&1,/<*WI*,$&)!,$/6)*
('*+,!*%(//01!9**:,!*g.())('1*.(66/!\*$A*06&/+)*7!+8!!'*+,!*01!)*$A*=CJHI*<!0-)@*8,$*6$*'$+*
-!?!(%!*0'<*1-0'+)*.0#!)*&;*0*)(1'(O?0'+*;-$;$-+($'*$A*+,()*%(//01!9*
*
:$&-().*?$&/6*;-$%(6!*0*)(1'(O?0'+*7$$'*+$*+,()*?$..&'(+<*0)*+,!*/$?0+($'*0'6*'0+&-0/*7!0&+<*
('*+,!*0-!0*()*!F?!;+($'0/9*2&?,*!T$-+)*,$8!%!-*0-!*)!%!-!/<*,0.;!-!6*7<*+,!*'!!6*+$*7!*
-!1()+!-!6*7<*0'6*.0'01!6*+,-$&1,*(2(.0'10/()$*0'6*'$'!*,0%!*7!!'*)!+*&;*)('?!*+,!*
A$-.0+($'*$A*+,!*;0-#9*
*
_$..&'(+<*.!.7!-)*0-!*;-!)!'+/<*!F+-!.!/<*-!)!'+A&/*$A*+,!*.0'01!.!'+*('*+,!*;0-#*0'6*A!!/*
+,0+*0//*+,!(-*0++!.;+)*+$*?-!0+!*/(%!/(,$$6)*0'6*/(%!)*A$-*+,!.)!/%!)*0-!*+,80-+!6*+,-$&1,*
-!)+-(?+(%!*-&/!)9*
*
M-$.*+,!*)&-%!<*;!$;/!*?/!0-/<*$&+/('!6*+,0+*+,!<*0-!*&',0;;<*8(+,*+,!*-!)+-(?+($')*(.;$)!6@*
0/+,$&1,*+,!<*0/)$*-!?$1'()!*+,0+*+,!(-*(.;0?+*$'*'0+&-0/*-!)$&-?!)*()*Y&(+!*,(1,*0'6*+,0+*+,!-!*
()*0*'!!6*A$-*;-$+!?+($'9*
*
5//*%$(?!6*?/!0-/<*+,0+*+,!<*'!!6*+$*7!*?$')&/+!6*7!A$-!*6!?()($')*0-!*.06!*+,0+*0T!?+*+,!.@*
+,0+*+,!<*'!!6*0*)(+*6$8'*8(+,*(2(.0'10/()$*0'6*?/0-(+<*$'*+,!*-&/!)*0'6*-!1&/0+($')*0'6*+,0+*
+,!<*8$&/6*/(#!*(2(.0'10/()$*+$*%()(+*+,!*;!$;/!*.$-!*0'6*;-$%(6!*('+!-%!'+($')*+,0+*?0'*(.;-$%!*
+,!(-*/(%!)*('*+,!*;0-#@*)$*+,0+*+,!<*?0'*-!6&?!*+,!*;-!))&-!*$'*+,!*'0+&-0/*-!)$&-?!)9
*
*
*
1.2SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
S'*+,!*70)!/('!)*)&-%!<*&'6!-+0#!'*7<*3ZM*0'6*+,!*VS/6+-&)+*,&7*)+0T*0'6*('+!-')@*QK*$A*+,!*=>*
,$&)!,$/6)*('*+,!*?$..&'(+<*8!-!*('+!-%(!8!6*('*30-?,*WIW`9*:,!-!*80)*?$')(6!-07/!*
-!/&?+0'?!*A-$.*,$&)!,$/6)*+$*;0-+0#!*('*+,!)!*('+!-%(!8)@*0)*+,!<*7!/(!%!*+,0+*&)!*$A*+,()*
('A$-.0+($'*7<*(2(.0'10/()$*.0'01!.!'+*0'6*!F+!-'0/*-$/!*;/0<!-)*8(//*7!*+$*+,!(-*6!+-(.!'+9*
^F;!-(!'?!*('*('+!-%(!8('1*0'6*A0?(/(+0+($'*()*0/)$*-!Y&(-!6@*1(%!'*+,0+*.&?,*$A*+,!*('A$-.0+($'*
-!Y&!)+!6*()*$A*0*)!')(+(%!*'0+&-!9*3$)+*)!')(+(%!*+$*+,!)!*,$&)!,$/6)*()*+,!*)(R!*$A*+,!(-*/0'6*
,$/6('1)*0'6*+,!*!F+!'+*$A*+,!(-*&)!*$A*'0+&-0/*-!)$&-?!)9*
*
Z^3dhG54[S_2
*
30/!*0'6*A!.0/!*,!06!6*,$&)!,$/6)*0-!*-!0)$'07/<*!%!'/<*70/0'?!6*0+*>=a*0'6*`ia*
-!);!?+(%!/<9*:,()*()*)(.(/0-*+$*+,!*'0+($'0/*0%!-01!*A$-*WIWW*$A*`>@ia*A!.0/!*,!06!6*,$&)!,$/6)*
('*-&-0/*jk"9*B2+0+)25@*WIWWD9
*
:,!*0%!-01!*,$&)!,$/6*)(R!*A$-*+,!*%(//01!*()*>9>@*?$.;0-!6*+$*+,!*'0+($'0/*0%!-01!*$A*=9`@*8(+,*
,$&)!,$/6)*-0'1('1*A-$.*7!+8!!'*=JK*('6(%(6&0/)9*5//*+,!*,$&)!,$/6)*,0%!*.$-!*06&/+)*+,0'*
?,(/6-!'@*)$.!+,('1*+,0+*()*Y&(+!*&'&)&0/*('*-&-0/*jk"*)!++('1)9*
*
In terms of age, the population in ENkovukeniis skewed significantly towards the age group
of 35-59 years – which is also the population group with the least social grant support.
Age group in years
StasSA %
eNkovukeni%
I*JQ`
*
WC@C*
WQ*
Q>J=`
*
=>@Q*
=W*
=>J>K
*
Wi@Q*
41
lHI
*
K*
H*
*
:,!*;$;&/0+($'*$A*^"#$%&#!'(()*-$&1,/<*WII*('6(%(6&0/)*/(%('1*('*=>*,$&)!,$/6)9*dA*+,!)!*$'/<*
0-$&'6*Q>*('6(%(6&0/)*0-!*7!+8!!'*+,!*01!)*$A*IJH*<!0-)*0'6*0-$&'6*Q=*('6(%(6&0/)*0-!*$%!-*+,!*
01!*$A*HI*<!0-)9*:,()*()*/(#!/<*6&!*+$*+,!*('0??!))(7(/(+<*$A*+,!*0-!0@*/('#!6*+$*+,!*'!!6*A$-*;,<)(?0/*
O+'!))*+$*)&-%(%!*+,!-!*0'6*+,!*/0?#*$A*,!0/+,*)!-%(?!)*('*+,!*0-!09*:,!*.&?,*/0-1!-*;-$;$-+($'*$A*
.0+&-!*06&/+)*()*0/)$*('6(?0+(%!*$A*+,()*A0?+9*
*
M-$.*+,!*('+!-%(!8)*(+*80)*-!0)$'07/<*0;;0-!'+*+,0+*+,!*,$&)!,$/6)*/!A+*('*^"#$%&#!'(*0-!*('*
A0?+*)&7JA0.(/<*1-$&;)*$A*/0-1!-*,$&)!,$/6)*P*.!0'('1*+,0+*,$&)!,$/6)*6(6*'$+*-!/$?0+!*$'*+,!*
('?!;+($'*$A*+,!*'0+($'0/*;0-#@*7&+*)$.!*.!.7!-)*$A*,$&)!,$/6)*.$%!6@*0'6*)$.!*-!.0('!69*
S+*80)*0/)$*-!0)$'07/<*0;;0-!'+*+,0+*<$&+,*8(+,('*+,!*7-$06!-*A0.(/<*0-!*7!('1*7-$&1,+*('+$*+,!*
0-!0*+$*+0#!*06%0'+01!*$A*+,!*U$7*$;;$-+&'(+(!)*7!('1*;-$%(6!6*+$*+,!(-*01!*1-$&;9
*
:,!-!*()*0/)$*0*).0//@*7&+*)(1'(O?0'+*1-$&;*$A*('6(%(6&0/)*('*+,!*%(//01!*)&T!-('1*A-$.*!(+,!-*
;,<)(?0/*$-*.!'+0/*6()07(/(+<*B0-$&'6*QI*('6(%(6&0/)D9*5//*)&?,*,$&)!,$/6)*/(%!*8!//*7!/$8*+,!*
;$%!-+<*/('!*0'6*0-!*!F+-!.!/<*%&/'!-07/!9*^F+-0*?$)+)*('*+!-.)*$A*?0-!*0'6*+-0');$-+*,0%!*+$*7!*
('+!-'0/()!6*7<*+,!*,$&)!,$/6)*+,!.)!/%!)9
*
1.3INCOMESAND LIVELIHOODS
Of the 19 households interviewed 18 households (95%) fall below the national poverty line
(R1558/month/capita income).4!-*?0;(+0*('?$.!)*-0'1!*A-$.*G`IH*P*GW
*
WHI*;!-*.$'+,9*
*
Percapitaincome
Percentageofhouseholds
mGQ*>>CL.$'+,*
K>a*
mGCIIL.$'+,*
=ia*
GCIIJGQIIIL*.$'+,*
WQa*
GQQi>JGWWHIL.$'+,
*
`Wa
*
M!.0/!*,!06!6*,$&)!,$/6*0%!-01!
*
GKiI
*
30/!*,!06!6*,$&)!,$/6*0%!-01!*
GQIHQ*
*
M$-*+,!*H*,$&)!,$/6)*('*+,!*1-!!'*?0+!1$-<*07$%!*('+!-%(!8!6@*>*,$&)!,$/6)*,0%!*7!+8!!'*W*
0'6*`*.!.7!-)*&'6!-*?$'+-0?+*!.;/$<.!'+*!(+,!-*8(+,*(2(.0'10/()$*$-*V(/6*d?!0')*0'6*Q*
,$&)!,$/6*?$')()+)*$A*+8$*;!')($'!-)*8(+,*)+0+!*1-0'+)9*[$&)!,$/6)*('*+,!*-!6*0'6*.$)+*
%&/'!-07/!*?0+!1$-<*,0%!*$'/<*$'!*$-*R!-$*.!.7!-)*!.;/$<!6*('*+,!)!*;-$1-0..!)9*S'*
066(+($'@*+,-$&1,*?$..&'(+<*.!!+('1)*+,!-!*()*0*)+-$'1*)!'+(.!'+*+,0+*<$&+,*U$7*?-!0+($'*
6$!)'\+*,!/;*+,!*A0.(/(!)*0)*0*8,$/!*0)*.&?,*0)*!.;/$<.!'+*A$-*+,!*01!*1-$&;*7!+8!!'*=`*0'6*
>K*<!0-)*8$&/69
*
:,!)!*?$'+-0?+*;$)(+($')*;-$%(6!*)(1'(O?0'+*)&;;$-+*+$*+,!*/(%!/(,$$6)*$A*,$&)!,$/6)*('*+,!*
%(//01!@*7&+*0-!*),$-+*+!-.*0'6*6$*'$+*;-!)!'+/<*?$'+-(7&+!*.&?,*+$*/$'1!-*+!-.*/(%!/(,$$6*
)&)+0('07(/(+<9
*
2$&-?!)*$A*('?$.!*0-!*+,!*A$//$8('1n
*
Source of income in order of frequency
Source of income in order of importance
_,(/6*1-0'+)**
4!')($')*
_$'+-0?+*(2(.0'10/()$*
_$'+-0?+*V(/6*d?!0')*
G!.(++0'?!)*
_$'+-0?+*(2(.0'10/()$*
4!')($')*
_,(/6*1-0'+)*
_$'+-0?+*V(/6*d?!0')*
2.0//*7&)('!))!)*
M(),('1**
M(),('1*
2.0//*7&)('!))!)*
G!.(++0'?!)*
E$?0/*A0-.*;-$6&?!
*
2!//('1*-!!6)
*
2!//('1*-!!6)
*
E$?0/*A0-.*;-$6&?!
*
M$$6*0(6*
M$$6*0(69*
*
S'?$.!*1!'!-0+($'*A-$.*&)!*$A*'0+&-0/*-!)$&-?!)*)&?,*0)*O),('1*B`iaD@*O),*#-00/)*B=>aD*0'6*
?$0)+0/*,0-%!)+('1*BH>aD*()*?$..$'*('*+,!*%(//01!9*d'/<*QCa*$A*,$&)!,$/6)*6$*'$+*!'101!*('*
+,!)!*0?+(%(+(!)9*S'?$.!)*,$8!%!-*0-!*/$8*0'6*&)!*()*;-(.0-(/<*A$-*A$$69*S'*066(+($'@*O),('1*()*
;-(.0-(/<*0'*0?+(%(+<*$A*+,!*.!'*('*+,!*%(//01!*0'6*?$0)+0/*,0-%!)+('1*B.&))!/)*0'6*-!6*70(+D*()*
&'6!-+0#!'*7<*8$.!'9*[0-%!)+('1*$A*-!!6)*0'6*1-0))*0'6*.0#('1*$A*?-0A+*()*&'6!-+0#!'*7<*
0-$&'6*=>a*$A*+,!*,$&)!,$/6)9*20/!)*0-!*/$?0/*0'6*('?$.!)*0-!*/$8@*0%!-01('1*0-$&'6*
G>IIL.$'+,9
*
Food shortages are reasonably common in the community, with21% of households
suMering from seasonal shortages for 2-4 months of the year and 26% suMering from too
little access to food on an ongoing basis9*
*
1.4AGRICULTURE
*5*-!0)$'07/<*-!)+-(?+!6*-0'1!*$A*01-(?&/+&-0/*0?+(%(+(!)*0-!*&'6!-+0#!'@*('?/&6('1*0*/$8*/!%!/*$A*
6-</0'6*?-$;;('1*8(+,('*+,!*,$&)!,$/6*7$&'60-(!)@*%!1!+07/!*;-$6&?+($'*('*+,!*?$..&'0/*
10-6!'@*)$.!*;$&/+-<*0'6*1$0+*,&)70'6-<*0'6*?0++/!9
*
Activity
% of HH
Units
Comments
Household
cropping
35%
188m2/household
Crops include mainly cassava, peanutsand sweet
potatoes – invaded by hippos, monkeys and livestock
Vegetable
production
(community
garden)
59%
200m2/per
person
Crops include sweet potato, green pepper, onion,
butternut, tomatoes, beetroot and spinach
Fruit production
53%
1-4 trees per
household
Treesincludeguava,lemons,avocados,mangoes,
oranges and some indigenous fruit including marula and
water berry – heavily predated by monkeys and birds.
Yields often zero.
Poultry
24%
4 chickens
Small number due to heavy predation by wild animals and
household use
Goats
41%
10 goats
Goats roam freely, some homesteads have kraals but not
all
Livestock
16%
10 cattle
Cattle roam freely. Herders are employed. Cattle need to
be taken down to the 3rdlake to drink. Extensive erosion on
cattle paths was noticed.
*
:,!*$'/<*%(07/!*%!1!+07/!*;-$6&?+($'*$;+($'*()*+,!*?$..&'0/*10-6!'*('*+,!*8!+/0'6@*8,(?,*,0)*
7!!'*('*!F()+!'?!*A$-*0+*/!0)+*=*1!'!-0+($')9*:,()*()*0'*0-!0@*A!'?!6*7<*+,!*?$..&'(+<*
+,!.)!/%!)*$A*0-$&'6*Q@>,0@*8,(?,*()*&)!6*A$-*-$&1,/<*QI*<!0-)@*7!A$-!*.$%('1*+$*0*6(T!-!'+*
;0+?,*$A*8!+/0'6*+$*0//$8*+,!*;-!)!'+*;0+?,*+$*-!1!'!-0+!9*S+*()*)(+&0+!6*('*0'*!F+!')(%!*8!+/0'6*
)<)+!.9*V$.!'*,0%!*;/$+)*$A*QII.2@*&)&0//<*7!+8!!'*QJW*;/$+)*;!-*,$&)!,$/69*o!6)*0-!*-0()!6*
0'6*(--(10+!6*)+-0(1,+*A-$.*+,!*A&--$8)9*G!!6)@*0'6*$-10'(?*.0++!-*0-!*8$-#!6*('+$*+,!*)$(/*0/$'1*
8(+,*).0//*Y&0'+(+(!)*$A*.0'&-!*?0--(!6*6$8'*A-$.*+,!*,$.!)+!06)9*:,!*10-6!'*()*0*
?$')(6!-07/!*,(#!*A-$.*.$)+*$A*+,!*,$.!)+!06)*B>II.J=#.D9*5*A&-+,!-*?-$;;('1*0-!0*A$-*+,!*
'$-+,!-'*;0-+*$A*+,!*%(//01!*()*)(+&0+!6*?/$)!*+$*+,!*Qst*/0#!9
*
!"#$%&'()'*+,-&'.&/0)'*'-"&1',/'02&'3,44$56.'#6%7&5'1"02'/&53"5#'657'7&46%360&7'8.,09':"0$60&7'6:'6'86032'1"02"5'6'
4$32'#%&60&%'1&0.657;'*+,-&'%"#20<'02&'/$%%,1:'657'%6":&7'+&7:9':2,1"5#'6'8".&',/',%#65"3'4600&%'/%,4'%&&7:'%&4,-&7'
=0,8'.&/0'3,%5&%>'0,'+&'"53,%8,%60&7'"50,'02&':,".'657'6'160&%'1&.."5#'$8'"5'02&'/$%%,1:'657'$:&7'/,%'"%%"#60",5'"5'02&'
/,%&#%,$57;
'
Z-</0'6*?-$;;('1*8(+,('*+,!*,$&)!,$/6*7$&'60-(!)*()*;-!)!'+/<*!F+-!.!/<*/(.(+!6*0'6*/$8*
<(!/6('19*2$(/)*0-!*
)0'6<*0'6*('A!-+(/!@*
A!'?('1*()*&)&0//<*
.0#!),(A+*0'6*$'/<*0*
A!8*?-$;)*?0'*
8(+,)+0'6*+,!*,!0+*
0'6*/0?#*$A*80+!-9
*
!"#$%&'?)'@&/0'0,'A"#20)'
B5/&%0".&':,".9'1"02':46..'
86032&:'3$.0"-60&7'"5:"7&'
02&'2,4&:0&67'+,$576%C;'
D6E&:2"/0'/&53"5#'657'6'
#6%7&5'1"02'0C8"36.'3%,8:',/'
36::6-69'8&65$0:'657'
:1&&0'8,060,&:;
'
*
_0++/!*$8'!-),(;*0;;!0-)*.('(.0/*A-$.*+,!*('+!-%(!8)@*7&+*Y&(+!*/0-1!*,!-6)*8!-!*)!!'*6&-('1*
+,!*%()(+)9*S+*()*/(#!/<*+,0+*('+!-%(!8!!)*,0%!*&'6!-J-!;$-+!6*$'*$8'!-),(;*0'6*'&.7!-)9
*
!"#$%&'F)'*+,-&)'*'#%,$8',/'3600.&'+&"5#'2&%7&%'7,15'02&'/,%&:0'8602:'0,16%7:'02&'.6E&'0,'7%"5E'160&%;
'
1.5INFRASTRUCTURE
*
:,!*+07/!*7!/$8*)&..0-()!)*('A-0)+-&?+&-0/*?$')(6!-0+($')*('*!"#$%&#!'(*%(//01!9
*
*
Infrastructure
type
Description
% HH
Comment
Fencing
Self-
constructed,
makeshift
42%
Fencing for household boundaries generally in better condition than for
gardens, but not common. Fenced garden are even less so - roughly
16% of households
Dwellings
Brick and
cement
76%
Usually between 1 and 3 times 2-4 room structures per homestead
Reed
35%
Usually 1-3 times 1-2 room structures per homestead. Some
homesteads only have reed dwellings. Poorer households are more
likely to have the reed structures.
Energy
Solar
42%
Households have 1-2 small panels. Generally, batteries have not
survived, so small quantities of electricity available only during daytime,
mainly for charging phones.
Gas
37%
Many of these households have gas bottles, that have been empty for
some time -being unable to a]ord to buy and transport re-fills to their
homes
Candles
32%
This is surprisingly low, given there is no other source of light in the
community. A number of households said they have fires only and no
means of lighting.
Firewood
100%
Collected from forest patches nearest to each homestead. There are no
restrictions imposed by the community.
Sanitation
None
68%
The majority of households do not have any sanitation and still practice
open defecation.
Pit latrines
22%
Pit latrines have been constructed by the households themselves.
Water
RWH-200l
drums
100%
Households generally have 200l drums and basins for RWH, - some
rooves are thatched and not easily conducive to rainwater harvesting
RWH 2400l
Jo-Jos
94%
Most households have at least on JoJo tank. 35% of households have
between 2-3 JoJo tanks. Those too far away from the communal
borehole rely ENTIRELY on RWH for household water access
Communal
borehole
68%
This is a new system of water pumped from a borehole to two header
tanks about midway up the incline. Distances to this tank can be large.
Each household pumps for themselves, collect what they can and leave
leftover water for other people
Spring
5%
This spring is likely to have been used a lot more frequently before the
borehole was set up in 2021. It is not protected and shared with
livestock
Access
Roads
No road access to the community. It is possible for a tractor and trailer
to enter from the northern end of the 1stlake, at low tide only.
Lake
There is one very small, very old boat that the community can use to
cross the lake, but generally they need to walk across. A larger
motorized boat is available for transport of the high school children but
is too expensive for community members to use.
*
o0)(?*('A-0)+-&?+&-!*0'6*)!-%(?!)*('*+,!*%(//01!*0-!*)!%!-!/<*&'6!-6!%!/$;!6@*8(+,*HCa*$A*+,!*
%(//01!*,0%('1*'$*)0'(+0+($'*$;+($')*$-*$;+($')*A$-*;-$%()($'*$A*/(1,+*('*+,!(-*,$.!)+!06)9*
5/+,$&1,*`Wa*$A*+,!*?$..&'(+<*,0%!*+-(!6*)!/AJ)&;;/<*)$/0-*$;+($')*A$-*!/!?+-(?(+<@*.$)+*$A*+,!*
,$&)!,$/6)*?0'*'$+*0T$-6*+,!*(')+0//0+($'*0'6*.0('+!'0'?!*?$)+)*+$*#!!;*)&?,*)<)+!.)*
$;!-0+($'0/9*4-!)!'+/<*'$'!*$A*+,!)!*,$&)!,$/6)*0-!*07/!*+$*&)!*+,!(-*)$/0-*A$-*/(1,+('1@*0)*+,!<*
6$*'$+*,0%!*A&'?+($'0/*70++!-(!)9*h0)*A$-*?$$#('1*()*)(.(/0-*('*+,0+*$'/<*0*%!-<*A!8*,$&)!,$/6)*
?0'*0T$-6*+,!*!F+-0*GQWI*A$-*+-0');$-+*$A*0*10)*7$++/!*0?-$))*+,!*/0#!*0'6*&;*+,!*,(//*%(0*;$-+!-)*
+$*+,!(-*,$.!)+!06)9*
*
[$&)('1*?$')()+)*$A*7$+,*7-(?#*0'6*-!!6*68!//('1)@*8(+,*+,!*/0++!-*6$.('0+('1*('*+,!*;$$-!-*
,$.!)+!06)9*M$-*+,!)!*68!//('1)*;-$%()($'*$A*1&++!-)*A$-*-0('80+!-*,0-%!)+('1*8$&/6*-!Y&(-!*
)+-&?+&-0/*)&;;$-+9
*
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3,5:0%$30&7'1"02'%&&79'12&%&'#$00&%:'
657'%6"5160&%'26%-&:0"5#'1,$.7'5&&7'
:0%$30$%6.':$88,%0';'
'
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065E9'?>>.'7%$4'657'6'#6:'+,00.&;'J2&'
.600&%'26:5K0'+&&5'%&LM..&7'/,%',-&%'6'
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7"N"3$.0"&:'"5'02&'2,4&:0&67;'
'
Z&!*+$*+,!*0-!*7!('1*('*0*
;-$+!?+!6*0-!0@*+,!-!*,0)*
7!!'*/(++/!*+$*'$*)&;;$-+*A-$.*
+,!*E$?0/*3&'(?(;0/(+<*$-*+,!*
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-!/0+($'),(;)*)&7)+0'+(0//<@*0)*
+,!*345*()*;-(.0-(/<*A$?&)!6*
$'*?$')!-%0+($'*0'6*'$+*?$..&'(+<*6!%!/$;.!'+9
*
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+$*+,!*?$..&'(+<*+,-$&1,*+,!*)&;;$-+*$A*+,!*V0-6*?$&'?(//$-*0'6*+,!*V(/6*:-&)+*0-$&'6*W*<!0-)*
01$9*:,()*)<)+!.*0/)$*;-$%(6!)*80+!-*+$*+,!*[&79*:,()*,0)*;-$%(6!6*)$.!*-!/(!A*+$*+,!*
?$..&'(+<*0'6*()*&)!6*);$-06(?0//<*7<*HCa*$A*+,!*?$..&'(+<9*2$.!*,$&)!,$/6)*0-!*)(+&0+!6*
+$*A0-*080<*A-$.*+,()*)(+!*+$*.0#!*(+*%(07/!*A$-*+,!.9*M$-*,$&)!,$/6)*+$*0??!))*+,()*80+!-@*+,!<*
'!!6*+$*;0<*('6(%(6&0//<*A$-*;&.;('1*+,!.)!/%!)*0'6*+,!'*+-0');$-+*+,!*80+!-*+$*+,!(-*,$.!)9*
V,0+!%!-*()*/!A+*('*+,!*+0'#)*?0'*+,!'*7!*0??!))!6*7<*$+,!-*?$..&'(+<*.!.7!-)9*:,()*()*0'*
08#80-6*)<)+!.*+,0+*)+-$'1/<*A0%$&-)*+,$)!*8(+,*!F;!'607/!*?0),*0'6*1-!0+!-*0??!))*+$*
-!)$&-?!)9*h!++('1*+,!*A&!/*+$*+,()*)(+!*A$-*;&.;('1*()*/$1()+(?0//<*0'6*O'0'?(0//<*('+!')(%!9
*
!"#$%&'O)'@&/0)'J2&'2&67&%'065E:'12&%&'160&%'":'8$48&7'/,%4'02&'+,%&2,.&'657'12&%&'3,44$5"0C'4&4+&%:'/&032'
160&%;'A"#20)'*'-"&1',/',5&',/'02&'/,%&:0'8602:'3,44$5"0C'4&4+&%:'16.E'6.,5#'0,'#&0'0,'02&'065E:'657'3,..&30'02&"%'
160&%;
'
1.6SOCIAL ORGANISATION
:,!-!*()*0*/$?0/*?,&-?,*1-$&;*8,(?,*;-$%(6!)*)$?(0/*)0A!+<*'!+*)&;;$-+*+$*(+)*.!.7!-)*+$*8,(?,*
0-$&'6*=Wa*$A*+,!*?$..&'(+<*7!/$'1)*0'6*0*/$?0/*A&'!-0/*(')&-0'?!*1-$&;*B>CaD9*5*A!8*
('6(%(6&0/)*,0%!*A&'!-0/*;$/(?(!)*8(+,*.$-!*A$-.0/*(')+(+&+($')*('*30'1&R(9*d'!*,$&)!,$/6*-&')*
0*);0R0*),$;*0'6*/$?0/*g),!7!!'\9*_$..&'(+<*.!.7!-)*),$;*0'6*6$*70'#('1*('*+,!(-*'!0-!)+*
+$8'@*30'1&R(@*8,(?,*?$)+*GHI*A$-*0*-!+&-'*+0F(*+-(;9*5)*8(+,*.$)+*+0F()*!F+-0*;0<.!'+*()*-!Y&(-!6*
A$-*1$$6)*+-0');$-+!69*[!0/+,*)!-%(?!)*0-!*0??!))!6*0?-$))*+,!*/0#!*%(0*0*.$7(/!*?/('(?*('*0*
'!(1,7$&-('1*%(//01!@*8,!-!*+,!*,(1,*)?,$$/*?,(/6-!'*0/)$*0++!'6*)?,$$/9**
*
1.7NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Z&!*+$*+,!*).0//*;$;&/0+($'*('*+,!*0-!0*0'6*/$8*/!%!/*$A*&)!*$A*/0'6J70)!6*'0+&-0/*-!)$&-?!)@*
!'%(-$'.!'+0/*6!1-060+($'*('*+,!*0-!0*()*/(.(+!69*5//*,$&)!,$/6)*&)!*O-!8$$6*A-$.*+,!(-*/$?0/*
A$-!)+*;0+?,!)*!F+!')(%!/<9*:,!-!*()*)$.!*!-$)($'*$A*;0+,80<)*6&!*+$*,!0%<*/(%!)+$?#*+-0T(?9*5*
A&-+,!-*0))!)).!'+*$A*)+$?#('1*-0+!)*0'6*/(%!)+$?#*.0'01!.!'+*8$&/6*'!!6*+$*7!*&'6!-+0#!'9*
:,!*,07(+*$A*7&-'('1*+$*?/!0-*/0'6*()*)+(//*?$..$'*7&+*?0'*7!*.0'01!6*+,-$&1,*('A$-.0+($'*
),0-('1*0'6*6()?&))($')9*
*
!"#$%&'P)'*'-"&1',/'02&'
:$%%,$57"5#'-&.7'657'+$:2'/%,4'
,5&',/'02&'2,4&:0&67:'"5'
QE,-,E&5";
'
:,!*.0-('!*0'6*/0#!*
-!)$&-?!)*0-!*,$8!%!-*
$%!-&)!6@*+,-$&1,*
!F+!')(%!*O),('1*7<*+,!*
?$..&'(+<@*?$..!-?(0/*
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+$&-()+*('6&)+-<9*
_$..&'(+<*.!.7!-)*0-!*080-!*$A*+,!*-!6&?+($'*('*O),*)+$?#*0)*8!//*0)*+,!*-!6&?+($'*('*)(R!*$A*
O),*7!('1*?0&1,+9
*
!"#$%&'R)'*+,-&'.&/0)'02&'76".C'36032'/%,4',5&',/'02&'M:2'E%66.:'657'A"#20)'*'-"&1',/'02&'E%66.:'"5'02&'(st'657'?nd'.6E&:'0,'
12"32'SQE,-$E&5"26:'633&::;
'
_$..&'(+<*.!.7!-)*,0%!*0'*&'6!-)+0'6('1*$A*+,!(-*(.;0?+*$'*+,!*!'%(-$'.!'+9*`Wa*$A*
-!);$'6!'+)*A!/+*+,0+*+,!(-*&)!*$A*-!)$&-?!)*,06*'$*'!10+(%!*(.;0?+*$'*+,!(-*!'%(-$'.!'+@*WQa*
A!/+*+,!(-*(.;0?+*80)*/$8*0'6*Wia*A!/+*+,!(-*(.;0?+*80)*,(1,9*iKa*$A*-!);$'6!'+)*A!/+*+,0+*'0+&-!*
'!!6)*+$*7!*;-$+!?+!6*+$*7!*07/!*+$*?$'+('&!*+$*;-$%(6!*-!)$&-?!)*0'6*)!-%(?!)*A$-*+,!.)!/%!)*
0'6*+,!(-*?,(/6-!'9*:,()*?/!0-/<*('6(?0+!)*0'*(''0+!*&'6!-)+0'6('1*$A*-!)$&-?!)*?$')!-%0+($'*0'6*
;-$+!?+($'*0.$'1*+,!*?$..&'(+<9*:,!<*,0%!*A!/+*+,!*(.;0?+*$A*?/(.0+!*?,0'1!*('*+,!*A$-.*$A*
('?-!0)!6*,!0+@*.$-!*,!0+80%!)*0'6*8!0+,!-*%0-(07(/(+<@*8(+,*.$-!*A-!Y&!'+*0'6*('+!')!*
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