kwaDapha baseline report | Mahlathini Development Foundation

kwaDapha baseline

!"#$%&'(')

1.1OVERVIEW

*+","-%"&./&01/2314&.025&2%1&$5"/2"3&4601&75#1/2&/562%&57&1895:6910.&"04&05#2%&57&1!"3"0;10.&

"04&9+"85:60<"=&+.2%&"&252"3&%56/1%534&06>?1#&57&)@A&&B%1/1&"#1&.0&/>"33&$31"#.0;/&+.2%.0&2%1&

75#1/2&.2/137A&C1#1=&256#./>&./&>5#1&"--"#102&+.2%&D&$5>>60.2<E&?"/14&$">-/&"/&+133&"/&2%#11&

%56/1%534/&41:135-14&75#&%5>1/2"</A&F;#.$6326#1&./&/1:1#13<&3.>.214&+.2%&503<&"#5604&G@H&57&

%56/1%534/&%":.0;&:1#<&/>"33&%56/1%534&;"#410/A&I.34&"0.>"3/&.0&2%1&75#>&57&%.--5/=&>5091</&

"04&+.34&-.;/&$50/2#".0&1J5#2/&25&-#546$1&7554A&B%1#1&./&05&$5>>60"3&;"#410&5#&$#5--.0;&"#1"A&

F&3.>.214&06>?1#&57&%56/1%534/&"221>-2&25&5-10&/-"$1/&50&2%1&3"91&14;1/&75#&$#5--.0;&KLMHNA&

!5/2&%5>1/21"4/&45&%":1&7#6.2&2#11/=&?62&%"#:1/2&:1#<&3.2231A&O.:1/25$9&.0&2%1&75#>&57&$"2231&"04&

;5"2/&./&"3/5&3.>.214&25&"#5604&G@H&57&2%1&%56/1%534/A&

P./%.0;&"04&$5"/2"3&%"#:1/2.0;&./&6041#2"910&?<&>5/2&57&2%1&%56/1%534/&25&/5>1&1Q2102A&F33&

%56/1%534/&6/1&2%1&35$"3&75#1/2/&75#&R#1+554&"04&?6.34.0;&>"21#."3/A&S114/&75#>&2%1&+123"04/&

"#1&"3/5&6/14&3.?1#"33<&.0&?6.34.0;&"04&25&"&31//1#&1Q2102&75#&$#"72&-#546$2.50&K'MH&57&

%56/1%534/NA

B%1#1&./&05&131$2#.$.2<&/6--3<&.0&2%1&:.33";1=&"&-5.02&57&$502102.50&"/&-15-31&.0&2%1&:.33";1&?13.1:1&

2%"2&T/95>&./&-#1-"#14&25&131$2#.7<&2%1.#&:.33";1=&?62&2%1&.U.>"0;"3./5&>"0";1>102&%"/&/25--14&

2%./&41:135->102&50&>5#1&2%"0&501&5$$"/.50A&V(H&57&2%1&$5>>60.2<&%":1&/>"33&/53"#&

.0/2"33"2.50/=&.0&:"#.56/&/2"21/&57&4./#1-".#A&!5/2&%56/1%534/&/2.33&#13<&50&$"0431/&75#&3.;%2.0;A&

U"0.2"2.50&./&3.>.214&"04&"#5604&'@H&57&%56/1%534/&45&052&%":1&25.312/A&

F$$1//&25&+"21#&2%#56;%&<"#4&2"-/&7#5>&"&$5>>60"3&?5#1%531&./&":".3"?31&75#&"#5604&'(H&57&2%1&

$5>>60.2<&"04&"&76#2%1#&'@H&%":1&2%1.#&5+0&%56/1%534&31:13&?5#1%531/A&B%1&#1/2&57&2%1&

$5>>60.2<&#13.1/&50&#".0+"21#&%"#:1/2.0;&2%#56;%&4#6>/&"04&W5EW5&2"09/&KV)HN&75#&"$$1//&25&

+"21#A&

B%1#1&./&"&>5?.31&$3.0.$&%1"32%&/1#:.$1&.0&2%1&:.33";1&"/&+133&"/&"&-#.>"#<&/$%553&"04&/-"X"&

/%5-/A&S5"4&"$$1//&./&:."&"&/1#.1/&57&/>"33&4.#2&#5"4/&7#5>&2%1&$35/1/2&25+0=&!"0;6X.A&

Y01>-35<>102&./&1Q2#1>13<&%.;%&+.2%&G((H&601>-35<>102=&+%1#1&%56/1%534/&#13<&-#.>"#.3<&50&

;#"02/=&/%5#2&21#>&Z5?&$#1"2.50&-#5;#">>1/=&/>"33&?6/.01//1/&"04&6/1&57&35$"3&#1/56#$1/&25&

/6#:.:1A&&T>-35<>102&./&-#5:.414&2%#56;%&/%5#2&21#>&$502#"$2/&-#.>"#.3<&75#&<562%&?<&?52%&

.U.>"0;"3./5&KT[I[&"04&.021#0/%.-/N&"04&2%1&I.342#6/2&K.021#0/%.-/&"04&<562%&1>-35<>102&

-#5;#">>1/N&"04&%"/&-#5:.414&/5>1&R0"0$."3&/6--5#2&258%3<&'V&%56/1%534/&.0&2%1&:.33";1A&&

B%1&\>.//.0;&>.4431]&57&"4632/&?12+110&2%1&";1/&57&DMEV(&<1"#/=&+%5&45&052&#1$1.:1&"0<&;#"02/&

>"91/&6-&"&/.;0.R$"02&-#5-5#2.50&57&2%./&:.33";1A&

^5>>60.2<&>1>?1#/&"#1&-#1/1023<&1Q2#1>13<&#1/102763&57&2%1&>"0";1>102&.0&2%1&-"#9&"04&7113&

2%"2&"33&2%1.#&"221>-2/&25&$#1"21&3.:13.%554/&"04&3.:1/&75#&2%1>/13:1/&"#1&2%+"#214&2%#56;%&

#1/2#.$2.:1&#631/A&

P#5>&2%1&/6#:1<&-15-31&$31"#3<&5623.014&2%"2&2%1<&"#1&60%"--<&+.2%&2%1&#1/2#.$2.50/&.>-5/14=&

"32%56;%&2%1<&"3/5&#1$5;0./1&2%"2&2%1.#&.>-"$2&50&0"26#"3&#1/56#$1/&./&_6.21&%.;%&"04&2%"2&2%1#1&

./&"&0114&75#&-#521$2.50A&

F33&:5.$14&$31"#3<&2%"2&2%1<&0114&25&?1&$50/63214&?175#1&41$./.50/&"#1&>"41&2%"2&"J1$2&2%1>=&

2%"2&2%1<&0114&"&/.2&45+0&+.2%&.U.>"0;"3./5&"04&$3"#.2<&50&2%1&#631/&"0463"2.50/&"04&2%"2&

2%1<&+5634&3.91&.U.>"0;"3./5&25&:./.2&2%1&-15-31&>5#1&"04&-#5:.41&.021#:102.50/&2%"2&$"0&.>-#5:1&

2%1.#&3.:1/&.0&2%1&-"#9=&/5&2%"2&2%1<&$"0&#146$1&2%1&-#1//6#1&50&2%1&0"26#"3&#1/56#$1/A

1.2SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

`0&2%1&?"/13.01&/6#:1<&6041#2"910&?<&!,P&"04&2%1&I`342#6/2&%6?&/2"J&"04&.021#0/=&'@&57&2%1&)@&

%56/1%534/&.0&2%1&$5>>60.2<&+1#1&.021#:.1+14&.0&!"#$%&'(')A&B%1#1&+"/&$50/.41#"?31&

#136$2"0$1&7#5>&%56/1%534/&25&-"#2"91&.0&2%1/1&.021#:.1+/=&"/&2%1<&?13.1:1&2%"2&6/1&57&2%./&

.075#>"2.50&?<&.U.>"0;"3./5&>"0";1>102&"04&1Q21#0"3&#531&-3"<1#/&+.33&?1&25&2%1.#&412#.>102A&

TQ-1#.10$1&.0&.021#:.1+.0;&"04&7"$.3.2"2.50&./&"3/5&#1_6.#14=&;.:10&2%"2&>6$%&57&2%1&.075#>"2.50&

#1_61/214&./&57&"&/10/.2.:1&0"26#1A&!5/2&/10/.2.:1&25&2%1/1&%56/1%534/&./&2%1&/.X1&57&2%1.#&3"04&

%534.0;/&"04&2%1&1Q2102&57&2%1.#&6/1&57&0"26#"3&#1/56#$1/A&

,T!abSF[C`^U

!"31&%1"414&%56/1%534/&45>.0"21&.0&2%./&:.33";1&KVMHN=&+.2%&503<&D'H&71>"31&%1"414&

%56/1%534/A&B%1&":1#";1&%56/1%534&/.X1&75#&2%1&:.33";1&./&)AM=&$5>-"#14&25&2%1&0"2.50"3&":1#";1&

57&DA)=&+.2%&%56/1%534/&#"0;.0;&7#5>&?12+110&GEGV&.04.:.46"3/A&F33&2%1&%56/1%534/&%":1&>5#1&

"4632/&2%"0&$%.34#10=&/5>12%.0;&2%"2&./&_6.21&606/6"3&.0&#6#"3&*c8&/122.0;/A&B%1#1&"#1&:1#<&71+&

-10/.501#/A

In terms of age, the population in kwaDaphaskewed signiﬁcantly towardsyouth, with a

substantial population of school going children.

Age group in years

StasSA %

kwaDapha %

(&EG)

'M=M&

DG&

G@ED)

D@=G&

D@E@d

'e=G&

'G&

fV(

B%1&-5-63"2.50&57&9+","-%"&./8%3<&')(&.04.:.46"3/&3.:.0;&.0&)@&%56/1%534/A&a7&2%1/1&"#5604&

DM&.04.:.46"3/&"#1&?12+110&2%1&";1/&57&(EV&<1"#/&"04&"#5604&d&.04.:.46"3/&"#1&5:1#&2%1&";1&57&V(&

<1"#/A&B%1&%.;%1#&-#5-5#2.50&57&<560;&"4632/&.0&2%1&:.33";1&>"<&?1&"/&"&#1/632&57&2%1&1>-%"/./&50&

<562%&Z5?&$#1"2.50&-#5;#">>1/&.0&2%1&"#1"=&+.2%&"&#1/632"02&.0g6Q&57&<560;1#&7">.3<&>1>?1#/&

.025&2%1&"#1"A

B%1#1&./&"3/5&"&/>"33&;#56-&57&.04.:.46"3/&.0&2%1&:.33";1&/6J1#.0;&7#5>&-%</.$"3&4./"?.3.2<&K"#5604&

V&.04.:.46"3/NA&F33&/6$%&%56/1%534/&3.:1&+133&?135+&2%1&-5:1#2<&3.01&"04&"#1&1Q2#1>13<&:6301#"?31A&

TQ2#"&$5/2/&.0&21#>/&57&$"#1&"04&2#"0/-5#2&%":1&25&?1&.021#0"3./14&?<&2%1&%56/1%534/&

2%1>/13:1/A

1.3INCOMES AND LIVELIHOODS

Of the 25 households interviewed 23households (92%) fall below the national poverty line

(R1558/month/capita income).[1#&$"-.2"&.0$5>1/&#"0;1&7#5>&SGDD&h&SD&(((&-1#&>502%A&

Percapitaincome

Percentageofhouseholds

iSG&@@Mj>502%&

d'H&

iSM((j>502%&

)(H&

SM((ESGG((j&>502%&

')H&

SG'((ESD(((j>502%&

DVH&

P1>"31&%1"414&%56/1%534&":1#";1&

SG&Gd'&

!"31&%1"414&%56/1%534&":1#";1&

SdDG&

`021#1/2.0;3<&.0&2%./&:.33";1&2%1&-1#&$"-.2"&.0$5>1&75#&>1>?1#/&57&71>"31&%1"414&%56/1%534/&./&

/5>1+%"2&%.;%1#&2%"0&2%5/1&.0&>"31&%1"414&%56/1%534/A&B%./&./&#13"214&25&2%1&06>?1#&57&<562%&

1>-35<14&.0&/%5#2&21#>&$502#"$2&1>-35<>102&"04&2%1&06>?1#&57&%56/1%534/&.0:53:14&.0&

/-"X"/=&/>"33&?6/.01//1/=&/"31&57&#114/&"04&$#"72&"04&R/%.0;A

C56/1%534/&.0&2%1&#14&"04&>5/2&:6301#"?31&$"21;5#<&%":1&503<&501&5#&X1#5&>1>?1#/&1>-35<14&

.0&2%1&<562%&Z5?&$#1"2.50&-#5;#">>1/&6041#&.U.>"0;"3./5&"04&I.342#6/2A&!1>?1#/&57&2%1&

$5>>60.2<&#1$1023<&>"41&"&?.;&-6/%&25+"#4/&10/6#.0;&2%"2&2%1&<562%&Z5?&5--5#260.2.1/&5J1#14&

2%#56;%&I.342#6/2&./&-#5:.414&75#&<562%&.0&9+","-%"&503<&"04&451/&052&.0$3641&<562%&7#5>&

01.;%?56#.0;&:.33;1/AB%1/1&$502#"$2&-5/.2.50/&-#5:.41&/.;0.R$"02&/6--5#2&25&2%1&3.:13.%554/&57&

%56/1%534/&.0&2%1&:.33";1=&?62&"#1&/%5#2&21#>&"04&45&052&-#1/1023<&$502#.?621&>6$%&25&350;1#&

21#>&3.:13.%554&/6/2".0"?.3.2<A

U56#$1/&57&.0$5>1&"#1&2%1&75335+.0;k

Source of income in order of frequency

Source of income in order of

importance/amount

^502#"$2&.U.>"0;"3./5

U>"33&?6/.01//1/E&%5>1/2"</=/-"X"/

^%.34&;#"02/&

^502#"$2&I.342#6/2&

[10/.50/&

^502#"$2&.U.>"0;"3./5&

^502#"$2&I.34&B#6/2&

P./%.0;E$502#"$2&

U>"33&?6/.01//1/&

[10/.50/&

P./%.0;&

S1>.22"0$1/&

^%.34&;#"02/&

U133.0;&#114/&

O5$"3&7"#>&-#546$1&

P554&".4&

`0$5>1&;101#"2.50&7#5>&6/1&57&0"26#"3&#1/56#$1/&/6$%&"/&R/%.0;&K)MHN&"04&$5"/2"3&%"#:1/2.0;&

KD'HN&./&$5>>50&.0&2%1&:.33";1A&B%5/&.0:53:14&.0&$502#"$2&R/%.0;&"04&2%1&256#./>&.046/2#<&1"#0&

/.;0.R$"023<&%.;%1#&.0$5>1/&2%"0&2%5/1&R/%.0;&75#&7554&"04&"4&%5$&/"31&57&/6#-36/A&C"#:1/2.0;&57&

#114/&"04&;#"//&"04&>"9.0;&57&$#"72&./&6041#2"910&?<&"#5604&DVH&57&2%1&%56/1%534/A&B%1&>5/2&

/.;0.R$"02&.0$5>1&./&1"#014&?<&2%5/1&%56/1%534/&+%5&%":1&%5>1/2"</&"04&+%5&#102&562&#55>/&

75#&"$$5>>54"2.50A&C56/1%534/&+%5&5-1#"21&/-"X"/&"#1&"3/5&45.0;&#1"/50"?3<&+133=&

$5>-"#"2.:13<A&`0$5>1&2%#56;%&7"#>.0;&./&01;3.;.?31A&

Food shortages are reasonably common in the community, with 76% of households

suffering from seasonal shortages for 2-4 months of the year and 8% suffering from too

little access to food on an ongoing basis. This indicates quite a strong reliance in the village

on fishing and coastal harvesting for

7554&/1$6#.2<A&B%./&"$2.:.2<&./&/1"/50"3&.0&0"26#1A&

1.4AGRICULTURE

&F&#1"/50"?3<&#1/2#.$214&#"0;1&57&";#.$6326#"3&"$2.:.2.1/&"#1&6041#2"910=&.0$364.0;&"&35+&31:13&57&

4#<3"04&$#5--.0;&+.2%.0&2%1&%56/1%534&?5604"#.1/=&3"91&14;1&;"#410.0;=&/5>1&-5632#<&"04&;5"2&

%6/?"04#<&"04&$"2231A

Activity

% of HH

Units

Comments

Household

cropping

32%

150m2/household

Crops include mainly cassava, peanuts and sweet

potatoes, spinach, onions and lettuce – invaded by

hippos, monkeys and livestock

Lake edge

gardening

12%

150m2/per

person

Crops include mainly cassava, peanuts and sweet

potatoes, spinach, onions and lettuce – invaded by

hippos, monkeys and livestock

Fruit production

52%

1-4 trees per

household

Treesincludemangoes,lemons, avocados, oranges, lichis

and some indigenous fruit including marula and water

berry – heavily predated by monkeys and birds. Yields

often zero.

Poultry

20%

6 chickens

Small number due to heavy predation by wild animals and

household use

Goats

28%

7 goats

Goats roam freely, some homesteads have kraals but not

all

Livestock

12%

6 cattle

Cattle roam freely. Herders are employed. Cattle need to

be taken down to the 3rdlake to drink. Extensive erosion on

cattle paths was noticed.

The only viable vegetable production option is in fully enclosed and fenced spaces within the

households and generally only for those with access to their own boreholes or communal

taps. A few of the most vulnerable individuals undertake the very risky option of clearing

reeds along the lake edge- but this practise is not common and is undertaken only due to dire

need.

Figure 1: Above left; An example of a small, enclosed vegetable garden at a household with their own borehole and

Above right: and example of a small lake edge garden for a vulnerable household.

,#<3"04&$#5--.0;&+.2%.0&2%1&%56/1%534&?5604"#.1/&./&-#1/1023<&1Q2#1>13<&3.>.214&"04&35+&

<.134.0;A&U5.3/&"#1&/"04<&"04&.071#2.31=&710$.0;&./&6/6"33<&>"91/%.72&"04&503<&"&71+&$#5-/&$"0&

+.2%/2"04&2%1&%1"2&"04&3"$9&57&+"21#A&^"2231&5+01#/%.-&"--1"#/&>.0.>"3&7#5>&2%1&.021#:.1+/A

1.5INFRASTRUCTURE

B%1&2"?31&?135+&/6>>"#./1/&.07#"/2#6$26#"3&$50/.41#"2.50/&.0&9+","-%"&:.33";1A

Infrastructure

type

Description

% HH

Comment

Fencing

Self-

constructed,

makeshift

32%

Fencing for household boundariesnot very common

Dwellings

Brick and

cement

76%

Usually between 1 and 3 times 2-4 room structures per homestead

Reed

56%

Usually 1-3 times 1-2 room structures per homestead. Some

homesteads only have reed dwellings(24%). Poorer households are

more likely to have the reed structures.

Energy

Solar

60%

Households have 1-2 small panels. Generally, batteries have not

survived, so small quantities of electricity available only during daytime,

mainly for charging phones.

Gas

Many of these households have gas bottles, that have been empty for

some time -being unable to a[ord to buy and transport re-ﬁlls to their

homes

Candles

32%

This is surprisingly low, given there is no other source of light in the

community. A number ofhouseholds said they have ﬁres only and no

means of lighting.

Firewood

100%

Collected from forest patches nearest to each homestead. There are no

restrictions imposed by the community.

Sanitation

None

51%

Around halfof households do not have any sanitation and still practice

open defecation.

Pit latrines

45%

Pit latrines have been constructed by the households themselves.

Septic tanks

A small number of households have septic tanks and running water in

their homes.

Water

RWH-200l

drums

24%

Households generally have 200l drums and basins for RWH, - some

rooves are thatched and not easily conducive to rainwater harvesting

RWH 2400l

Jo-Jos

64%

Many households have at least on JoJo tank. 36% of households have

between 2-3 JoJo tanks. Those too far away from the communal

borehole rely ENTIRELY on RWH for household water access

Communal

borehole

24%

Peoplewithaccesstothecommunalsystemhavetapsintheiryards,

with unrestricted access to water.

Own

borehole

52%

These boreholes are quite shallow and tend to be salty – participants

explained that with continued pumping over time they become less

salty – but often are too salty to grow crops

Access

Roads

There are unpaved access roads, through neighbouring villages from

Manguzi. Being sandy and not well maintained this road is not

accessible by small sedan cars.

l"/.$&.07#"/2#6$26#1&"04&/1#:.$1/&.0&2%1&:.33";1&"#1&6041#41:135-14=&+.2%&@GH&57&2%1&:.33";1&

%":.0;&05&/"0.2"2.50&5-2.50/A&F32%56;%&V(H&57&2%1&$5>>60.2<&%":1&2#.14&/137E/6--3<&/53"#&

5-2.50/&75#&131$2#.$.2<=&>5/2&57&2%1&%56/1%534/&$"0052&"J5#4&2%1&.0/2"33"2.50&"04&>".0210"0$1&

$5/2/&25&911-&/6$%&/</21>/&5-1#"2.50"3A&[#1/1023<&0501&57&2%1/1&%56/1%534/&"#1&"?31&25&6/1&

2%1.#&/53"#&75#&3.;%2.0;=&"/&2%1<&45&052&%":1&760$2.50"3&?"221#.1/A&b"/&75#&$559.0;&./&/.>.3"#&.0&2%"2&

503<&"&:1#<&71+&%56/1%534/&$"0&"J5#4&2%1&1Q2#"&2#"0/-5#2&&$5/2/&57&"&;"/&?52231A

Housing consists of both brick and reed dwellings, with the latter dominating in the poorer

homesteads. For these dwellings provision of gutters for rainwater harvesting would require

structural support.

Figure 2: Above: A homestead constructed with reed, where gutters and rainwater harvesting would need structural

support.

,61&25&2%1&:.33";1&?1.0;&.0&"&-#521$214&"#1"=&2%1#1&%"/&?110&3.2231&25&05&/6--5#2&7#5>&2%1&O5$"3&

!60.$.-"3.2<&5#&2%1&3.01&760$2.50&41-"#2>102/A&B%1&506/&7#5>&2%1&$5>>60.2<]/&-1#/-1$2.:1&./&50&

.U.>"0;"3./5&>"0";1>102&25&R33&2%./&;"-&h&+%.$%&%"/&/56#14&#13"2.50/%.-/&/6?/2"02."33<=&"/&2%1&

![F&./&-#.>"#.3<&75$6/14&50&$50/1#:"2.50&"04&052&$5>>60.2<&41:135->102A

1.6SOCIAL ORGANISATION

B%1#1&./&"&35$"3&$%6#$%&;#56-&+%.$%&-#5:.41/&"&/5$."3&/"712<&012&/6--5#2&25&.2/&>1>?1#/&25&+%.$%&

"#5604&GVH&57&2%1&$5>>60.2<&?1350;/&"04&"&35$"3&7601#"3&.0/6#"0$1&;#56-&K)MHNA&F&71+&

.04.:.46"3/&%":1&7601#"3&-53.$.1/&+.2%&>5#1&75#>"3&.0/2.262.50/&.0&!"0;6X.A&

1.7NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

,61&25&2%1&/>"33&-5-63"2.50&.0&2%1&"#1"&"04&35+&31:13&57&6/1&57&3"04E?"/14&0"26#"3&#1/56#$1/=&

10:.#50>102"3&41;#"4"2.50&.0&2%1&"#1"&./&3.>.214A&F33&%56/1%534/&6/1&R#1+554&7#5>&2%1.#&35$"3&

75#1/2&-"2$%1/&1Q210/.:13<A&B%1#1&./&/5>1&1#5/.50&57&-"2%+"</&461&25&%1":<&3.:1/25$9&2#"J.$A&F&

76#2%1#&"//1//>102&57&/25$9.0;&#"21/&"04&3.:1/25$9&>"0";1>102&+5634&0114&25&?1&6041#2"910A&

B%1&%"?.2&57&?6#0.0;&25&$31"#&3"04&./&/2.33&$5>>50&?62&$"0&?1&>"0";14&2%#56;%&.075#>"2.50&

/%"#.0;&"04&4./$6//.50/A&B%1&>"#.01&"04&3"91&#1/56#$1/&"#1&%5+1:1#&5:1#6/14=&2%#56;%&

1Q210/.:1&R/%.0;&?<&2%1&$5>>60.2<=&$5>>1#$."3&R/%.0;&$50$1#0/&"04&2%1&256#./2&.046/2#<A&

^5>>60.2<&>1>?1#/&"#1&"+"#1&57&2%1&#146$2.50&.0&R/%&/25$9&"/&+133&"/&2%1&#146$2.50&.0&/.X1&57&

R/%&?1.0;&$"6;%2A

^5>>60.2<&>1>?1#/&%":1&"0&6041#/2"04.0;&57&2%1.#&.>-"$2&50&2%1&10:.#50>102A&VMH&57&

#1/-504102/&%5+1:1#=&7132&2%"2&2%1.#&6/1&57&#1/56#$1/&%"4&05&01;"2.:1&.>-"$2&50&2%1.#&

10:.#50>102A&,1/-.21&2%./=&d'H&57&#1/-504102/&7132&2%"2&0"26#1&0114/&25&?1&-#521$214&25&?1&"?31&

25&$502.061&25&-#5:.41&#1/56#$1/&"04&/1#:.$1/&75#&2%1>/13:1/&"04&2%1.#&$%.34#10A&B%./&$31"#3<&

.04.$"21/&"0&.00"21&6041#/2"04.0;&57&#1/56#$1/&$50/1#:"2.50&"04&-#521$2.50&">50;&2%1&

$5>>60.2<A&B%1<&%":1&7132&2%1&.>-"$2&57&$3.>"21&$%"0;1&.0&2%1&75#>&57&.0$#1"/14&%1"2=&>5#1&

%1"2+":1/&"04&+1"2%1#&:"#."?.3.2<=&+.2%&>5#1&7#1_6102&"04&.0210/1&/25#>/A&S".07"33&%"/&?110&

/.>.3"#=&?62&>5#1&:"#."?31A

S13"2.50/%.-/&+.2%&2%1&.U.>"0;"3./5&![F&"#1&/2#".014A&F&#1$6##.0;&$5>>102&7#5>&$5>>60.2<&

>1>?1#/&+"/&2%"2&2%1&#631/&.>-5/14&"#1&#1/2#.$2.:1&"04&"?6/.:1&"04&2%"2&$502#53&%"/&?110&

%1":<&%"0414&.0&2%1&-"/2A&B%#56;%562&"&$"33&75#&4./$6//.50&+.2%&2%1&.U.>"0;"3./5&"62%5#.2.1/&"04&

?1221#&.075#>"2.50&-#5:./.50&7#5>&2%1>&+"/&%1"#4A&^5>>60.2<&>1>?1#/&501&2%1&501&%"04&

"--#1$."21&2%1&-#521$2.50&57&2%1&0"26#"3&10:.#50>102=&"04&50&2%1&52%1#&7113&2%"2&0"26#1&./&/110&

"/&>5#1&.>-5#2"02&2%"0&-15-31&"04&2%"2&2%1<&"#1&60"?31&25&>"91&"&3.:.0;&;.:10&2%1&#1/2#.$2.50/&

50&#1/56#$1&6/1A&B%1<&"--#1$."21&2%1&/%5#2&E21#>&Z5?&5--5#260.2.1/&"04&7554&-"#$13/&"/&2%1/1&

%":1&?110&$#6$."3&;.:10&2%1&$50/2#".02/&50&52%1#&3"04&6/1&5-2.50/&.0&2%1&"#1"A&S1_61/2/&75#&

/6--5#2&%":1&.0$36414&>5#1&Z5?E5--5#260.2.1/&052&Z6/2&75#&<562%=&.>-#5:1>102&.0&3.:.0;&

$504.2.50/=&131$2#.$.2<=&25.312/=&.>-#5:14&#5"4&"$$1//=&S,[&%56/1/&"04&"&%.;%&/$%553A&

1.8RECOMMENDATIONS

W5?&5--5#260.2.1/&75#&2%1&";1&;#56-/&57&D@E@d&<1"#/&0114&25&?1&;.:10&-#.5#.2<&"/&2%./&./&

"3/5&2%1&;#56-&>5/2&#13."02&50&0"26#"3&#1/56#$1/&.0&2%1&"#1"&25&/6#:.:1&"04&2%1&>".0&

?#1"4+.001#/&.0&2%1/1&%56/1%534/A&

[#5:./.50&57&?"/.$&/"0.2"2.50&"04&IFUC&146$"2.50&"04&/1#:.$1/&/%5634&?1&"&-#.5#.2<A

U.;0.R$"02&/6--5#2&+.2%&#".0+"21#&%"#:1/2.0;&./&$#6$."3=&1/-1$."33<&75#&2%5/1&%56/1%534/&

+%.$%&45&052&"3#1"4<&%":1&W5W5&2"09/A&

U6--5#2&75#&"04&41:135->102&57&5-2.50/&75#&/53"#&101#;<&+5634&"331:."21&"&352&57&2%1&

-#1/102&4./$5>75#2A

F0&.>-#5:14&/</21>&75#&413.:1#<&57&;"/&$"0&>"91&"&%6;1&4.J1#10$1A

&U</21>/&75#&-#5:./.50&57&>5091<&"04&%.--5&-#557&710$.0;j$";1/&75#&?52%&7554&

-#546$2.50&"04&-5632#<&%6/?"04#<&$5634&"//./2&25&-#5:.41&.>-#5:14&<.134/&"04&?1221#&

3.:13.%554/&/6--5#2A

U</21>/&75#&.>-#5:14&+"21#&>"0";1>102&"04&;#1<&+"21#&>"0";1>102&$"0&#13.1:1&/5>1&

57&+"21#&/%5#2";1/&"2&%56/1%534&31:13A

B"9.0;&2%1&-#1//6#1&5J&2%1&R/%.0;&"04&$5"/2"3&#1/56#$1/&./&"&-#.5#.2<A

.U.>"0;"3./5&25&10;";1&>5#1&$50/2#6$2.:13<&+.2%&2%1&$5>>60.2<&.0&21#>/&57&.075#>"2.50&

-#5:./.50=&5623.0.0;&#631/&"0463"2.50/&"04&"--#1$."2.50&75#&2%1&3.:13.%554/]&

$50/2#".02/&57&2%1&$5>>60.2<&>1>?1#/A