Smallholder Descion Support Process for Climate-resilient Agriculture

A smallholder farmer leveldecision

support systemfor climate resilient

farming practices improves community

levelresilience to climate change

Submitted by Erna Kruger (Director Mahlathini Development Foundation - MDF)

Ph: 0828732289, Email: info@mahlathini.orgWeb: www.mahlathini.org

Partners: Erna Kruger, Mazwi Dlamini, Samukelisiwe Mkhize, Temakholo Mathebula, Phumzile

Ngcobo, Betty Maimela, Sylvester Selala and Lulama Magenuka(MDF)

Palesa Motaung, Nonkanyiso Zondi,Sandile Madlala,Khetiwe Mthethwa, Andries Maponya,

Nozipho Zwane, Lungelo Buthelezi, and Zoli Gwala (students and interns)

Mr Lawrence Sisitka (Research Associate- Environmental Learning Research Centre- Rhodes

University)

Mr Nqe Dlamini (StratAct)

Mr Chris Stimie (Rural Integrated Engineering)

Mr Jon Mc Cosh, Ms Brigid Letty (Institute of Natural Resources)

Mr Hendrik Smith (CA coordinator for GrainSA)

Ms Sharon Pollard (AWARD)

Ms Lindelwa Ndaba (Lima RDF)

Ms Catherine van den Hoof (formerly of WITS Climate Facility, now the United Nations World

Food Programme)

Summary

The more extreme weather patterns with increased heat, decreased precipitation and more extreme rainfall

events; increase of natural hazards suchas floods, droughts, hailstorms and high windsthat characterise climate

change place additional pressure on smallholder farming systems and has already led to severe losses in crop

and vegetable production and mortality in livestock.A significant proportion of smallholders have abandoned

agricultural activities and this number is still on the increase. Smallholders are generally not well prepared for

these more extreme weather conditions and experience high levels of increased vulnerabilityas a consequence.

It is becoming clear thatclimate change will have drastic consequences for low-income and otherwise

disadvantaged communities. Despite their vulnerability, these communities will have to make the most climate

adaptations. It is possible for individual smallholders to manage their agricultural and natural resources better

and in a manner that couldsubstantially reduce their risk and vulnerability generally and more specifically to

climate change. Through a combination of best bet options in agro-ecology, water and soil conservation, water

harvesting, conservation agriculture and rangeland management a measurable impact on livelihoods and

increased productivity can be made.

Processes such as collaborative, participatory research that includes scientists and farmers, strengthening of

communication systems for anticipating and responding to climate risks, and increased flexibility in livelihood

options, which serve to strengthen coping strategies in agriculture for near-term risks from climate variability,

provide potential pathways for strengthening adaptive capacities for climate change.

Mahlathini Development Foundation and our partners and collaborators (Universities, NGOs, CSI initiatives,

District and Local Municipalities and Government Departments),have been working within the socio-

ecological and social learning space to assist smallholder farmers in KZN, Limpopo and the Eastern Cape to

improve their resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change by designing and testing a participatory

smallholder level decision support system for implementing climate resilient agricultural practices.

Within this process smallholder farmers explore and analyse their understanding of climate change and the

impacts of these changes on their livelihoods and agricultural systems. They explore adaptive strategies and

measures (local and external), prioritize appropriate practices for individual and group experimentation and

implementation, assess the impact of these new practices and processes on their livelihoods and re-plan their

actions and interventions on a cyclical basis.

This allows them to make incremental changes over time in soil and water management practices, cropping

and livestock management and natural resources management, within the limits of their own resources, vision

and motivation. This provides a viable model for CCA implementation and financing at smallholder level.

Recent participatory impact assessments have shown remarkable improvements in resilience in the space of

just one to two years of focussed local action.

Introduction

A current Water Research Commission adaptive research process entitled “Collaborative knowledge creation

and mediation strategies for the dissemination of Water and Soil Conservation practices and Climate Smart

Agriculture in smallholder farming systems”is exploring best practice options for climate resilient agriculture

for smallholders and evaluating the impact of implementation of a range of these practiceson the resilience of

agriculture based livelihoods. Alongside this, a decision support methodology and system has been designed to

assist smallholders and the facilitators who support them to make informed and appropriate decisions about

choices of a ‘basket of options’ for implementation at a local level.

The research process is broadly divided into three elements for purposes of clarity, although all three elements

are tackled concurrently:

1. Community climate change adaptation process design

2. Climate resilient agricultural practices and

3. A decision support system.

Community climate change adaptation process design

This consists broadly of

1. Situation and vulnerability assessments; baselines and farmer typologies

2. Climate Change dialogues; Exploration of climate change impacts, adaptive strategies and

prioritization of adaptive measures and

3. Participatory impact assessments: Resilience snapshots

1. Situation and vulnerability assessments

The model for vulnerability assessments used in this process provides for a combination of socio-economic

(livelihood) and socio-ecological (access and utilization of natural capital)indicators,in a climate change

context (wellbeing, adaptive capacity and governance). This is a new process design, built from elements of

existing international best practice options.

The process consists of focus groups discussions, individual interviews (baselines) and household visits, or

walkabouts as we call them –as they include a broad and initial assessment of the “lay of the land”.

This information is pulled together into a database that has been put together to provide for a farmer

segmentation/ farmer typology approach. Farmer typologies allow for differentiation between different levels

of vulnerability in a community to target interventions/ practices more specifically

The three typologies developed within this process are shown in the figure below

Figure 1: Smallholder typology for climate resilient farming decision support system

A typical participant is thus:

These typologies are one of the input categories

into the decision support system.

Climate change dialogues

A participatory methodology has been developed to allow groups of farmers to explore the impacts of climate

change, potential adaptive strategies and to prioritize local adaptation measures. Seven community level

workshops have been conducted across three provinces, involving around 250 participants. The table below

provides a summary of this community level analysis

Table 1: Summary of climate change impacts from community level workshops (2018)

Climate change impacts on livelihoods and farming

KZN

Limpopo

Water

Less water in the landscape;

streams and springs dry up,

borehole run dry, soils dry out

quickly after rain

Less water in the landscape; streams

and springs dry up, borehole run dry,

soils dry out quickly after rain

Less water in the landscape; streams

and springs dry up, borehole run dry,

soils dry out quickly after rain

Dams dry up

Typology A (2,5 million)

•Female headed,

•Farm for food only,

•Very low incomes –mostly

unemployed,

•Access to small plots of land

(<0,1ha),

•No household level access to

water,

•Lower education levels (Primary

school)

•No access to formal markets,

•Belong to village savings and loan

associations and

•Engage in other livelihood

activities

Typology B (250 000)

•Male and female headed,

•Farm for food and sell surplus,

•Slightly higher incomes,

•Access to larger plots of land

(0,1-1ha)

•Some access to hh level

water,

•Somewhat higher education

levels (High school),

•No access to formal markets

and

•Belong to village savings and

loan associations

Typology C (10 000)

•Male headed, Ffarm mainly for

income,

•Much higher incomes from

employment in the household,

•Good access to water at

household and field level,

•Higher education levels (Matric

nad post scholl qualifications),

•Acess to formal markets.

•Belong to cooperatives or farm

individually

A 51 year old woman, who is the head

of her household, has Grade 9-11 level

of education, is unemployed, has an

average monthly income of R2170,

engages in field cropping, gardening

and livestock husbandry, has no

access to water in her household,

engages in local markets only and

belongs to a savings group

Municipal water supply becoming

more unreliable

Municipal water supply becoming

more unreliable

Municipal water supply becoming

more unreliable;

Need to buy water for household use

–now sometimes for more than 6

months of the year

RWH storage only enough for

household use.

Soil

More erosion

Soils becoming more compacted

and infertile

Soils becoming more compacted and

infertile

Soils becoming more compacted and

infertile

Soils too hot to sustain plant growth

Cropping

Timing for planting has changed-

later

Timing for planting has changed-

later

Can no longer plant dryland maize

All cropping now requires irrigation –

even crops such as sweet potato

Drought tolerant crops such as

sorghum and millet grow- but severe

bird damage

Heat damage to crops

Reduced germination and growth

Seeding of legumes becoming

unreliable

Seeding of legumes becoming

unreliable

Seeding of legumes becoming

unreliable

Lower yields

Winter vegetables don’t do well -

stress induced bolting and lack of

growth

More pests and diseases

Loss of indigenous seed stocks

Livestock

Less grazing; not enough to see

cattle through winter

Less grazing; not enough to see cattle

through winter

Less grazing; not enough to see cattle

through winter

More disease in cattle and heat

stress symptoms

More disease in cattle and heat

stress symptoms

More disease in cattle and heat

stress symptoms

Fewer calves

More deaths

Natural

resources

Fewer trees; too much cutting for

firewood

Fewer trees; too much cutting for

firewood

Fewer trees; too much cutting for

firewood

Decrease in wild animals and

indigenous plants

Decrease in wild animals and

indigenous plants

Decrease in wild animals and

indigenous plants

Increased crop damage from wild

animals such as birds and

monkeys

Increased crop damage from wild

animals such as birds and monkeys

Increased crop damage from wild

animals such as birds and monkeys

Availability of indigenous

vegetables has decreased

No longer able to harvest any

resources due to scarcity

Increased population puts pressure

on resources

Social

More diseases

Increased poverty and hunger

Increased crime and reduced job

opportunities

Increased crime and reduced job

opportunities

Increased crime and reduced job

opportunities

Increased food prices

Increased conflict

Inability to survive

Although the impacts discussed were similar across the three provinces, the severity of these changes are a lot

more obvious in Limpopo.

From these impact diagrams community members discuss adaptive measures and strategies; what they have

already tried and what they would like to try. Here the new ideas or innovations can then be introduced by

facilitators, as they are requested by the community members. The table below is illustrative and are the

adaptive measures suggested by the participants in Turkey village (Lower Oliphant’s’ Basin – Limpopo)

Table 2: An example of potential adaptive measures from the Turkey (Limpopo) climate change dialogue

process

Turkey CC workshop; December 2017

Impacts

Description and linkages

Outcomes

Potential adaptive measure

Reduced water

availability

Dams dry out, boreholes provide

less water, rivers dry out, less

rain

Reduced

production, hunger,

diseases, no jobs,

poverty, crime,

death

More boreholes, more dams, water

management, irrigation in evenings and

early morning, mulching, trench beds

(keep moisture in and soil cool)

Drying of

environment

Soils are hotter and drier,

drought, plants wilt, increased

pests

Save plant residues for animals, buy

fodder, control pests on animals

Reduction of

resources

Deforestation, Fruit trees die,

livestock, wild animals die

Planting of trees after they have been

cut down; make use of paraffin stoves

and electricity, government involvement

in solving the problem,

Extreme heat

Early fruiting, trees wilt

Poor crop health

Shade netting

Shortage of

water

Rivers dry out, municipal supply

only once per week. Boreholes

dry out

Lack of education

towards saving

water

NGOs and government to assist

Trench beds, mulching, save water in

dams, drip irrigation, irrigate in evening,

boreholes, greywater

Reduction of

resources

Less grazing, seed shortage, trees

are removed, indigenous animals

are no longer there

Increased

vulnerability of the

people, forced to

move to urban

areas

Donations for/of seed

Rather use paraffin stoves than

firewood. Only chop down mature trees

to allow others to grow, planting trees,

government intervention

Taking care of indigenous plants

Plant fodder for livestock

Soils

Poor cultivation practices, soil

erosion, dry soils, sandy soils

Using crop residues and manure,

conservation agriculture, mixed

cropping

Social

repercussions

Less or no food, health problems,

no jobs

Burning of buses,

divorce, separation

of families, poverty,

crime

Getting access to health care, parents

must work

Shortage of

implements

Setting up cooperatives for government

support, use animal drawn traction-

oxen and donkeys, improvise, make our

own tools, make use of hand hoes

A list of specific practices is summarised from these discussions and categorized into the five climate resilient

agriculture themes. An example is given below of this process conducted for a learning group from Ezibomvini

Village in Bergville, KZN.

The following table outlines the practices and their categories

Table 3: Suggested practices for farmers, categorised into the 5 primary themes.

Natural RM

Soil

Water

Crops

Livestock

Shade cloth Tunnels

Bed design

Mulching

Natural pest and diseases

Rainwater harvesting

Trench bed

Composting

Conservation Agriculture

Fodder crops

Underground water tank

Mixed cropping

Conservation of wetlands and streams

Burying of disposable pampers

Reducing burning of grazing veld

Greywater use

Participants then prioritize these practices in order of

importance for implementation and change as a group.This

depends on local conditions such as drought, harsh weather

conditions and the like.The preference ranking for this

group was as follows:

1. Underground rainwater harvesting tanks

2. Shade cloth tunnels

3. Trench beds

4. Mulching

5. Natural pest and disease control

6. Mixed cropping(fields and gardens)

7. Compost

8. Fodder crops

9. Conserving wetlands and streams

Right: Sylvester and Temakholo from MDF, facilitating the

prioritization of practices

It is also possible here to do

a matrix ranking exercise

where you elucidate from

the groups their criteria for

prioritization of practices,

which is a very important

step in the community level

decision making process.

Right: A group level matrix

using community defined

criteria for prioritizing climate

smart/resilient agricultural

practices to be tried out

(Thabamhlophe village,

Estcourt, KZN, 2018)

This provides a broad action plan for implementation, which is developed further into an individual farmer

level experimentation plan. Participants choose from these prioritized practices which ones they will try out in

their own homesteads and devise a broad plan of how to intervene in the communal activities such as

conservation of wetlands. This process also provides a good agenda for securing external support from role

players in the development sector (government Departments, Municipalities, CSI and NGO funded projects)

3. Participatory Impact Assessments

After a cycle of experimentation with the basket of CRA practices (one season/ 6 months), the

process is reviewed and a participatory impact assessment process is conducted with the learning

group members. Again, it is important for community members themselves to develop the impact

indicators/criteria

The diagram below provides a summary of all the practices that were tried out for the KZN learning

groups for the 2018-2019 season

1: Tower garden; using greywater for irrigation, planted to kale, spinach and tomatoes

2: Eco-circle with a 2litre bottle (with holes) used forin situ irrigation and planted to a mixture of herbs and vegetables

3: Bucket drip kits inside a shade cloth tunnel

4: raised bed with mixed cropping planted as a “normal practice control” when comparing with trench beds

5: A Shade cloth tunnel with 3 5x1m trench - beds

6: Inspection of a locally protected spring

7: A shallow trench bed planted to a mixture of green peppers,

chillies and marigolds

8: A deep trench bed planted to a mixture of kale, rape, mustard

spinach and Chinese cabbage

9: A maize and cowpea intercropped conservation agriculture

(CA) plot

10: A CA plot planted to summer cover crops; sunflower, millet

and sunnhemp

11: A CA plot planted to Dolichos beans

12: Making bales of hay with a small manual baler

Community members worked in small groups to analyse for

themselves the impact of the climate resilient agricultural

practices they have been implementing.

Right: Participants from 4 learning groups work together in

assessing the impact of their implementation

Below is the result of a matrix ranking exercise conducted during this session. The research team were

incredibly impressed with the depth of analysis participants undertook and with the impact indicators

participants developed. It also indicates that smallholder farmers use integrated and systemic indicators to

make their decisions and not just production and income data, commonly used in agriculture.

Table 4: Participatory impact assessment of CRA practices by Ezibomvini participants, March 2019.

IMPACT

INDICATORS

PRACTICES

Soil;

health

and

fertility

Money;

income

and

savings

Productivity;

acceptance

of practice,

saving in

farming –

equipment,

labour

Knowledge;

increased

knowledge

and ability

to use

Food;

how

much

produced

and how

healthy

Water;

use

and

access

Social agency;

Support,

empowerment

Total

Conservation

Agriculture

156

Savings

Livestock

Gardening

107

Crop rotation

Intercropping

Small

businesses

The resilience snapshot put together from individual interviews of these same participants, gives a very strong

indication of the benefit of CRA to the livelihoods of the rural poor. Climate change adaptation for these

participants has resulted in increased availability of food, incomes and social agency and has provided hope for

a more positive future for these participants.

Table 5: Resilience snapshot for Ezibomvini participants, March 2019.

Resilience indicators

Rating for increase

Comment

Increase in size of farming

activities

Gardening –18%

Field cropping –63%

Livestock –31%

Cropping areas measured, no of livestock assessed

Increased farming activities

Most participants involved in gardening, field cropping

and livestock management

Increased season

Yes

For field cropping and gardening- autumn and winter

options

Increased crop diversity

Crops: 12 new crops

Practices: 8 new practices

Management options include; drip irrigation, tunnels,

no-till planters, JoJo tanks, RWH drums,

Increased productivity

Gardening –72%

Field cropping –79%

Based on increase in yields

Positive impact of CRA and associated practices in order of

importance: Conservation Agriculture, gardening (tunnels,

agroecology), small businesses (farmer centres, poultry),

savings, livestock (integration –fodder, health)

Livestock –25%

Increased water use efficiency

25%

Access, RWH, water holding capacity and irrigation

efficiency rated

Increased income

13%

Based on average monthly incomes

Increased household food

provisioning

Maize- 20kg/week

Vegetables –7kg/week

Food produced and consumed in the household

Increased savings

R150/month

Average of savings now undertaken

Increased social agency

(collaborative actions)

Villages savings and loan associations and learning

groups

Increased informed decision

making

Own experience, local facilitators, other farmers,

facilitators, extension officers

Positive mindsets

2-3

More to much more positive about the future: Much

improved household food security and food availability

Climate resilient agriculture practices for smallholders

The approach is to work directly with smallholders in local contexts to improve practices and synergise across

sectors. The emphasis is thus at farm/household level. Here CSA aims to improve aspects of crop production,

livestock and pasture management, natural resource management, as well as soil and water management as

depicted in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2: Household level implementation of CSA integrates across sectors (adapted from Arslan, 2014)

A database of 66 different practices falling into the categories mentioned in the figure above has been

compiled, based on local suggestionsand best bet options from experience and literature.

SYNERGIES

Soil

and water

conservation

For each practice, a 1-page summary has been put together, that can be presented to smallholders in the

climate change adaptation workshops, for consideration by the smallholder farmers as a new idea or

innovation to experiment with. Below are two illustrative examples

This database provides a resource to farmers and facilitators to choose appropriate climate resilient

agricultural practices for their area and their particular situation. It is one of the input parameters for the

decision support process.

In addition, qualitative and quantitative indicators have been explored to Physically assess the impact of these

practices. These have included for example run-off, infiltration, water holding capacity in the soil profile, and

water productivity as well as a number of soil based parameterssuch as organic matter content, soil fertility

and microbial activity.

As an example, a farmer level experimentation process consisting of production in trench beds, inside and

outside of shade cloth tunnels was conducted. The control for this experiment was the farmer’s ‘normal’

gardening practice –in this case raised beds.

Above left to right: Spinach grown in a trench bed inside a tunnel, in a trench bed outside atunnel and in a

control bed (raised bed), by Phumelele Hlongwane

Farmers kept careful records of the amount of water applied (irrigation) and their harvests (yields), alongside

the research team who worked with local weather stations and soil moisture measurements to assess the

water productivity of these practices.

The table below outlines the resultant water productivity calculation for this experiment. Both conventional

WP calculations and a simpler format suggested by farmers that only uses their water applied were used.

Table 1: Water productivity for production of spinach inside and outside shade cloth tunnels for 2

smallholder farmers in KNV, Bergville

Bgvl June-Sept 2018

Simple scientific method (ET)

Farmers' method (Water applied)

Name of famer

water use

(m3)

Total weight

(kg)

(kg/m3)

water use

(m3)

Total weight

(kg)

(kg/m3)

Phumelele Hlongwane trench

bed inside tunnel

1,65

21,06

12,76

1,85

21,06

11,38

Phumelele Hlongwane; trench

bed outside tunnel

0,83

5,32

6,45

1,75

5,32

3,04

Ntombakhe Zikode trench bed

inside tunnel

1,65

17,71

10,73

2,37

17,71

7,47

Ntombakhe Zikode; trench bed

outside tunnel

0,50

3,35

6,76

0,53

3,35

6,33

The control plots are not included here, as the two farmers realised quite early in the season that their normal

production methods required too much water and opted to focus only on the trench beds. Water productivity

is 60-100% higher for trench beds inside the tunnels when compared to trench beds outside the tunnel –using

the more scientific approach that also takes into account evapotranspiration and leaching. This is a highly

significant result, indicating the potential of micro-climate control in adaptation.

Water productivity calculate only from yields compared to water applied, shows a larger variation in results for

the two participants. They both applied more water to their trench beds outside their tunnels, than inside;

working on the assumption that the reduced growth for the crops outside the tunnel was due to water stress.

This experimentation process assisted in their learning that plant stress also includes other factors such as

temperature, wind and insect damage.

The smallholder climate change adaptation decision support process

The decision support process focusses on a bottom -up approach, where individual farmers in a locality make

decisions regarding the ‘basket’ of CSA/CRA approaches and practices most suited to their specific situation.

To do this in a way that also includes the concepts of social learning, innovation and agency the following

decision support concept has been developed.

The process is designed to also support and assist the facilitator in their decision making, in support of the

smallholder farmers; meaning that the facilitator accessesinformation such as the basic climate change

predictions for the area, the agroecological characteristics including rainfall, temperature, soil texture etc) and

an initial contextualised basket of CSA practices from which to negotiate prioritized practices with farmers.

Practices are thus chosen by both facilitators and farmers.

Figure 3: The smallholder CSA/CRA decision support model

The model is designed primarily as a participatory and facilitated process at community level. In support of this

process, a computer-based model can be used alongside this methodology to provide further information and

decisions support to the facilitator. It is also possible for a farmer to access this model independently to derive

an initial basket of CSA practice options for themselves.

The computer model information flow is designed asshown in the figure below –and follows the same basic

steps as the facilitated model shown in Figure 4 below.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: Climate and geographical

parameters; GPS coordinates, agroecological zones,

soil texture, slope and soil organic carbon content

PRACTICES: Database of CSA practices including; managing available

water, improving access to water, controlling soil movement, improving

soil health and fertility, crop management, integrated crop-livestock

management, veld management and veld rehabilitation

Figure 4: The computer-based model for the smallholder DSS

In our case the set of criteria (proxies used as indicators for the complex reality) that helpsto make informed

decisions on management practices are:

➢The current farming systems; gardening, field cropping, livestock production and natural resource

management (NRM) (including trees),

➢The physical environment: agroecological zone, soil texture, slope and organic soil carbon and

➢The socio-economic background of the farmer; demographic information (gender HH head, age,

dependency ratio), level of education, sources of income (unemployment vs. external employment,

own business, grants, farm, etc.), total income, access to services, infrastructure, technology

(Electricity, water (tap, borehole, rainwater harvesting, etc.), irrigation (buckets, standpipes, etc.),

fencing and farming tools (hand vs traction/other), social organisation, market access (formal vs.

informal), farm size andfarming purpose (food vs. selling).

Besides this, the resources and related management strategies as well as a list of practices need to be

provided as input to the system. All information, except the physical environment; i.e. climate, soil and

topography, and the resources and management strategies, are derived through the use of a range of

participatory processes. Data on the physical environmental conditions have been taken from datasets freely

available online. This information can however be customised by the DSS user, in case more appropriate

information is available for the specific farmer concerned.

For the Facilitator-Farmer DSS the resources and related management strategies are discussed and negotiated

in the participatory process. For the computer based or Individual Farmer DSS these are provided as an input

into the model using the following framework:

FARMING SYSTEMFARMER SOCIO-ECONOMIC

BACKGROUND

RESOURCES TO MANAGE

SUGGESTED PRACTICES

CONSTRAINED BY

TYPOLOGY, SYSTEM

AND ENVIRONMENT

RANKED PRACTICES

BASED ON FACILITATORRANKED PRACTICES

BASED ON FARMER

FARMER BASED

PRIORITIES

FACILITATOR

BASED PRIORITIES

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

DSS PROCESS FLOW

Figure 5: Resources to manage and their associated managements strategies

Once all the information is inputted into the model an initial list of practices is suggested for each individual

farmer. The model has been tested and refined, through comparison of this computed based process with the

participatory process and assessing how closely these two processes are aligned.

Below is an example for 1 farmer in each of the three provinces where the model has been tested.

Table 6: Basket/list of practices recommended for version 2 of the DSS

Province

KZN

Limpopo

Village

Ezibomvini

Sekororo

Mxumbu

Name and Surname

Phumelele Hlongwane

Chenne Mailula

Xolisa Dwane

Drip irrigation

Bucket drip kits

Furrows and ridges/ furrow irrigation

Greywater management

Shade cloth tunnels

Mulching

Improved organic matter (manure and crop

residues)

Diversion ditches

Grass water ways

Infiltration pits / banana circles

Zai pits

Rain water harvesting storage

Tied ridges

Half- moon basins

Small dams

Contours; ploughing and planting

Gabions

Stone bunds

Check dams

Cut off drains / swales

Terraces

Stone packs

Strip cropping

Pitting

Woodlots for soil reclamation

Targeted application of small quantities of

fertilizer, lime etc

Liquid manures

Woody hedgerows for browse, mulch, green

manure, soil conservation

Conservation Agriculture

Planting legumes, manure, green manures

Mixed cropping

Planting herbs and multifunctional plants

Agroforestry (trees + agriculture)

Trench beds/ eco circles

push-pull technology

Natural pest and disease control

Integrated weed management

Breeding improved varieties (early maturing,

drought tolerant, improved nutrient

utilization),

Seed production / saving / storing

Crop rotation

Stall feeding and haymaking

Creep feeding and supplementation

Rotational grazing

De-bushing and over sowing

Rangeland reinforcement

Bioturbation

Tower garden

Keyhole beds

No of practices recommended

For the KZN participant, this means that around 88% of thefull list of practices have been recommended for

her. She has a wide range of recommendationsbeing a farmer in Typology B (fewer restrictions) and engaging

in gardening, cropping and livestock production. Although this is quite high, it is understood that the farmer

level ranking is still to take place and these practices can then be prioritized and narrowed down further. For

the Limpopo and EC participants, around 1/3 of practices have been recommended in their basket of options.

Ranking can be undertaken first by the facilitator, or can be done directly by the farmer depending on the

circumstances. Below is the ranking exercise undertaken for Phumelele Hlongwane (Ezibomvini, KZN).The

practices shown in green are those that Phumelele are already implementing. This ranked list then provides

options for inclusion of further ideas and practices

Table 7: Ranking of CRA practices recommended for Phumelele Hlongwane

(KZN; Bergville)Phumelele Hlongwane: List of practices scored by facilitator

Practices

Field

cropping

Vegetable

gardening

Livestock

Natural

resources

and trees

Shade cloth tunnels

Mulching

Improved organic matter

Diversion ditches

Infiltration pits

Zai pits

RWH storage

Stone packs

Strip cropping

Pitting

Woodlots for soil reclamation

Targeted fertilizer application

Liquid manure

Woody hedge rows

Conservation agriculture

Planting legumes, manure, green manures

Mixed cropping

Planting herbs and multifunctional plants

Agroforestry (trees + agriculture)

Trench beds/ eco circles

push-pull technology

Natural pest and disease control

Integrated weed management

Breeding improved varieties (early maturing,

drought tolerant, improved nutrients),

Seed production / saving / storing

Crop rotation

Stall feeding and haymaking

Creep feeding and supplementation

Rotational grazing

De-bushing and over sowing

Rangeland reinforcement

Bioturbation

Tower garden

Keyhole beds

Below are a few indicative photographs of Phumelele’s CRA practices.

Above clockwise from top left: A view of Phumelele Hlongwane’s vegetable garden, a newly

constructed tower garden, trench beds planted to a mixture of vegetables in her shade cloth

tunnel, a plot of Dolichos in her CA field and a plot of summer cover crops- sunnhemp and millet.

Conclusion

The decision support system for climate resilient agriculture implementation by smallholder farmers is an

important new innovation in the field of community-based climate change adaptation and can be scaled up as

a framework in research, learning and implementation in this field.