Farmer handouts (isiZulu) | Mahlathini Development Foundation

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77

Climate Resilient Agriculture:

Practices for Smallholder Farmers

Volume 2 Part 7

Farmer Handouts: isiZulu

E Kruger, MC Dlamini, T Mathebula, P Ngcobo, BT Maimela &S Ntonta

Report to the

Water Research Commission

Mahlathini Development Foundation

WRC Report No. TT 841/8/20

February 2021

Obtainable from

Water Research Commission

Private Bag X03

Gezina, 0031

orders@wrc.org.za or download from www.wrc.org.za or www.mahlathini.org

The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled Collaborative knowledge creation and mediation

strategies for the dissemination of Water and Soil Conservation practices and Climate Smart Agriculture in

smallholder farming systems. (WRC Project No.K5/2719/4)

This report forms part of a series of 9 reports. The reports are:

Volume 1: Climate Change Adaptation for smallholder farmers in South Africa. An implementation and

decision support guide. Summary report. (WRC Report No. TT 841/1/20)

Volume 2 Part 1: Community Climate Change Adaptation facilitation: A manual for facilitation of Climate

Resilient Agriculture for smallholder farmers. (WRC Report No. TT 841/2/20)

Volume 2 Part 2: Climate Resilient Agriculture. An implementation and support guide: Intensive homestead

food production practices. (WRC Report No. TT 841/3/20)

Volume 2 Part 3: Climate Resilient Agriculture. An implementation and support guide: Local, group-based

access to water for household food production. (WRC Report No. TT 841/4/20)

Volume 2 Part 4: Climate Resilient Agriculture. An implementation and support guide: Field cropping and

livestock integration practices. (WRC Report No. TT 841/5/20)

Volume 2 Part 5: Climate Resilient Agriculture learning materials for smallholder farmers in English. (WRC

Report No. TT 841/6/20)

Volume 2 Part 6: Climate Resilient Agriculture learning materials for smallholder farmers in isiXhosa. (WRC

Report No. TT 841/7/20)

Volume 2 Part 7: Climate Resilient Agriculture learning materials for smallholder farmers in isiZulu. (WRC

Report No. TT 841/8/20)

Volume 2 Part 8: Climate Resilient Agriculture learning materials for smallholder farmers in Sepedi. (WRC

Report No. TT 841/9/20)

DISCLAIMER

This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication.

Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does

mention of trade names or commercial productsconstitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

ISBN 978-0-6392-0234-1

Printed in the Republic of South Africa

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following individuals and organisations deserve acknowledgement for their invaluable contributions and

support to this project:

Chris Stimie (Rural Integrated Engineering – RIEng)

Dr Brigid Letty and Jon McCosh (Institute of Natural Resources – INR)

Nqe Dlamini (StratAct)

Catherine van den Hoof (Researcher)

Dr Sharon Pollard, Ancois de Villiers, Bigboy Mkabela and Derick du Toit (Association for Water and Rural

Development)

Hendrik Smith (GrainSA)

Marna de Lange (Socio-Technical Interfacing)

Matthew Evans (Web developer)

MDF interns and students: Khethiwe Mthethwa, Samukhelisiwe Mkhize, Sylvester Selala, Palesa Motaung

and Sanelise Tafa

MDF board members: Timothy Houghton and Desiree Manicom

PROJECT FUNDED BY

REFERENCE GROUP MEMBERS

Prof S Mpandeli Water Research Commission

Dr S Hlophe-Ginindza Water Research Commission

Dr L NhamoWater Research Commission

Dr O CrespoUniversity of Cape Town

Dr A Manson KZN Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

Prof S WalkerAgricultural Research Council

Prof CJ Rautenbach Previously of WeatherSA

COLLABORATING ORGANISATIONS

https://inr.org.za/https://award.org.za/https://amanziforfood.co.za/

https://foodtunnel.co.za/http://www.rieng.co.za/

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Ezolimo ezibekezelela isimo sezulu: Izindlela

zabalimi abancane

1 ZIYINI EZOLIMO EZBEKEZELELA ISIMO SEZULU?

Ezolimo ezibekezelela isimo sezulu zihlose ukukhuphula izinga lokukhiqiza nemali engenayo. Lokhu

kuphinde kulekelelwe ukuvumela ushintso ezindleleni esilima ngazo olubheke noshintso olwenzeka

ngasohlangothini lwezemvelo, Zibhekelela kakhulu ubungani ayi ubutha nezeMvelo. Ngale ndlela thina

(balimi) kanjalo nemvelo siyakwazi ukumelana noshintso olwenzekayo kwezeMvelo . Kumayelana

nokwenza izinguquko ekulimeni esimweni esishintshayo ezizokwazi ukulekelela thina kanjalo nemvelo

ukumelana noshintsho.

Lapha sigcizelela kakhulu esigabeni sase khay. Ezolimo ezibekezelela isimo sezulu zihlose

ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo nemfuyo, ukuphathwa kwamadlelo kanye nezinsiza zemvelo.

Lokhu kuphinde kufake nokuphathwa kwenhlabathi kanye namanzi njengoba kuveziwe esithombeni

esingezansi.

Isithombe 1: Indlela ekuhlangana ngazo izinhlaka ezahlukene mayelana nezolimo ezibekezelela ukushintsha

kwezuluHousehold level implementation of ezingeni lasekhaya. (ithathelwe ku Arslan, 2014)

Zibanzi izindlela zokulima ezingaba usizo. Umbono uthi asizame izindlela ezilungele thina, indawo

esihlala kuyo siphinde siqhathise lezindlela nalokhu esivele sikwenza, ukuze sikwazi ukubona

umehluko sikwazi nokuthatha izinqumo mayelana noshintsho endleleni esilima ngayo

Ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindlela zokulima kukhuphula imiphumela yazo

Lezizindlela ziyachazwa ngezansi, Uma ufuna ulwazi ulungaphezulu xhumana nalama kheli:

www.mahlathini.org, www.amanziforfood.co.za

Crops/Izit

shalo

Livestock/

Imfuyo

Livestoc

Imfu

Soil health

and

fertility

Water/A

manzi

Izit

Natural

resources/

landscape/Izinsiz

a zemvelo

SYNERGIES/

NNN

Ukuhlangana

anan

ngng

Soil

and water

conservation

2 IMIGOMO

Imigomo/umqondo esigxile kuwo ekukhetheni izndlela zokulima ilena:

• Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziwa kwezinsiza kulima esingenazo

• Ukuphula ukuhluka kwezitshalo

• Ukugxila empilweni yenhlabathi nokuthola izindlela eziyimvelo zokwakha inhlabathi

• Ukunakekela imvelo

• Ukusebenzisa amanzi akhona ngendlela efanele

• Sisebenzisane, sifunde ndaonye siphinde sihle ndawonye

Zonke lezindlela sesike sazizama nabilimi abancane eminyakeni esuka kwemithathu kuya

kweyisishangalombili edlule. Siyazi ziyasebenza, ngakho ken awe sikufisela inhlanhla ekuzizameni

kwakho zonke.

3 UKUPHATHWA KWAMANZI (UKUPHATHWA KWAMANZI ATHOLAKALAYO NOKUKUPHULA

UKUFINYELELA KWAWO KUBANTU)

3.1 INFILTRATION DITCHES (RUN-ON DITCHES, DIVERSION DITCHES)

Lena imisele engajulile (30 cm ububanzi Kanye 15-30 cm ukujula) embiwa ukuhambisa amanzi

ngendela ethile endaweni ethile (diversion ditches /imisele ehambisa) noma ukubabamba amanzi

avunyelwe ukungene enhlabathini esendaweni etshaliwe (run-on ditches)

Ukutshala kungenziwa enhlabathini eseduze nomsele, ngokufaka umqhuba noma ikhomposi ,uphinde

wenze isembozo lapho otshale khona nasemseleni kuwombono omuhle.

Lemisele ikhuphula ukufinyelela nokutholakala kwamazi uma kukhiqizwa ukudla nokuningi endaweni

encane

Okudingayo:

-Imvula engaphuzulu kuka 150 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisha nokubanda angaphezulu

kuka 5°C

-Indawo: Noma enjani

-Inhlabathi : 5-35% ubumba, ukujula >15cm

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini, amasimu

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0,1ha, indawo esuka ku

0,1 ha kuya ku 1 ha

-Izindleko eziphansi, isinzisa ezitholakala endaweni

-Kulula ukuyenza nokuyigcina, idinga abantu abaningi abazosebenza

Umsele ohamabisa amanzi,

owembozelwe kwase ku

tshalwa ubhatata phezu

kwenhlabathi

ebhuthezeliwe

Ukumbiwa komsele endaweni ubume bayo

obungu 1.5%, 30 cm ububanzi kanjalo no 30 cm

uku

ula, inhlabathi ibekwe n

asenhla komsele

Ukulungiselelwa kwenhlabathi ebuthezeliwe

ukuze kukwazi ukutshalwa, ukuma kahle

kanye nokufakwa komqhuba.

3.2 CUT OFF DRAINS/ SWALES

I-swale inhlabathi ebuthezeliwe eduze komsele (40cm ukujula Kanye no 50 cm ububanzi) ohamba

kwikhontolo. Inhlabathi ebuthezeliwe iyaqondiswa ukuvumela ukutshala. I-swale ivimba amanzi

ahamba engadini noma ensimini iwasabalalise ukuze ezokwazi ukungena ajule enhlathini.

Ngokujwayelekile, izitshalo ozitshala kanye (njengezi hlahla zezithelo) zitshalwa ngezansi

kwenhlabathi ebuthezeliwe mase lezitshalo ozitshalo minyaka yonke zitshalwe bephuzulu

kwenhlabathi ebuthezeliwe.

Okudingayo

- Imvula engaphezulu kuka 150 mm ngonyaka kuya

kwengaphansi kuka 1200 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka

5°C

- Indawo 5%-10%

- Inhlabathi: zonke izinhlobo - nakuba izinhlobo

ezisasihlabathi noma salubumba kakhulu kunzima

ukuzisebenza

Ukwenza

- Izingadi,amasimu

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha kuya

kweziphakathi kuka 01 ha kuya ku 1 ha,

nangaphezulu kuka 2 ha

-Izindleko ziphansi,izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

- Inomsebenzi omuningi

Ukwakhiwa kwe- Swale nnesithombe isiveza

indlela amanz ahamba ngayo kuma- swale

amabili

Ukumbiwa kwe -swale inhlabathi

ibekwa ngasohlangothini

olwehlelayo

Isembozo singabekwa phakathithi emseleni

naphezu kwenhlbathi ebuthelzeliwe

Ukumbiwa kwemibhede ejulile

ngezansi kwe “swale”

3.3 FURROWS AND RIDGES

Imisele imbiwa kwikhontolo nehlabathi ibhekwe ngasenhla kwawo ibe imbundu. Ukutshala kwenzeka

phezu kwemibundu kanjalo nokuchelela. Uyakwazi ukwakha ama- cross ties ukuze uqinisekise

ukuchelela okuhle- lokhu kwenza amanzi agcwale emiseleni aphinde angene emhlabathini.

Ukwemboza kuwumbono omuhle

Okudingayo

xImvula engaphezulu kuka 150 mm ngonyaka

xAmazinga okushsa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka

xUbume bendawo 0.5 -5%

xUmhlabathi: Zonke izinhlobo

Ukwenza

x Ezingadini, emasimini

xIndawo Engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha kuya kwe

ohakathi kuka 0.1 -1 ha

- Izindleko eziphansi, izinsiza ezitholakala euze

- Kunomsembenzi omningi

Imisele nenhlabathi ebuthezeliwe esetshenziswe

emasimini,bhekisisa amatied ridges abamba amanzi

Ingadi enimsele nenhlabathi

ebuthezeliwe etshalwe utamatisi,

izaqhathi, ispinash. Bheka

imibhede ejulile engaphambili

esithombeni esingakwesokudla.

Imisele emboozelwe

esengadini etshalwe

utamatisi. Ukuchelelela

ukusazikhukhula uma

kusebenziswa lemisele

engadini.

Izihlahla zezithelo nazo zifakiwe mbhedeni kuloluhlobo

lukutshala

3.4 TIED RIDGES

Lendlela inyusa amanzi izitshalo ezikwazi ukuwathola ngokuqoqa imvula egeleza endaweni

engatshaliwe eyehlelayo amanzi angene enhlabathini esandishi ebese ebanjwa imisele. Ukutshala

kwenzeka nhlangothi zonke zomsele lapho amanzi asengene khona.

“Izindishi” zakhiwa ngokumba imisele engajulile phezu kwamakhontolo kanye nokwakha imibundu

ngasohlangothini olwehlelayo lwemisele. Lokhu “kuboshwe” ndawonye imibundu engaphakeme

eyakhiwa ngokushoyana ngezikhawu ezilinganayo uma ukudla umsele.

Okudingayo

-Imvula usuka ku 400- 700 mm ngonyaka

- Amazinga okushisa nokubanda

angaphezulu kuka 5°C

- Indawo: 0.5%-7%

- Umhlabathi kumele uzinze. Umhlabathi

okuyiwo ohamba phambili owubumba noma

inhlabathi yangaphezulu- topsoil- ewvumela

ukungena kwamanzi ephezu kwenhlabathi

yangaphansi- subsoil engavumele ukungena

kwamanzi

Ukwenza

-Ezingadini nase masimini

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha kuya endaweni esuka ku 0.1 ha kuya 1 ha

-Izindleko ziphansi, izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

- Idinga abantu abningana ukuyenza

Imisele embozelwe engandini enama tied ridges.

Amanzi aqoqelana emiseleni ensimini etshalwe ummbila

kwase kuba nama tied ridges.

Insimi encane enama tied ridges kwase kutshwala

ubhatata nommbila eFreestate.

3.5 INFILTRATION PITS/ BANANA CIRCLES

Izindishi zimbiwa enhlabathini lapho kubonakala ukuthi amanzi ahamba khona(ukuze abanjwe

kuohinde kuncishiswe nesivinini sawo). Lezi “ndisi” zigcwaliswa ngezinto ezibolayo ezivela

ezitshalweni noma ezilwaneni. Enxube iphinde ixutshwe nomhlabathi ebese kutshwalwa izitshalo

ezithanda amanzi ezifana nobhanana

Enye indlela yokwenza lokhu ukumba “indishi” lapho kuhamba khon amanzi ebese okubolayo

kufakwe kancane kancane ukuze kuzobola kancane kancane. Lapha ubhanana utshalwa

emphethweni noma onqenqemeni lwe “ndishi”

Okudingayo

- Imvula engaphezulu kuka 350 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushosa nokubanda angahezulu kuka 5°C

-Ubume bendawo : 1.5% -25 %

-Umhlabathi : lonke uhlobo (5-30% ubumba) nokujula okungaphezulu kuka 30 cm

Ukwenza

- Ezingandini

-Endaweni engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha

-Izindleko ziphansi, izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

- Kulula ukwenza nokugcina esesimweni, inomsebenzi omuningi

Izindishi ezincane zingenziwa,

ziyambiwa mase ugcwaliswa

Indilinga kabhanana embozelwe kwase kufakwa

nezinongo

Izindishi ezime sasitebhiso lapho kuhamba khon amanzi ensimini. Amatied

ridges enziwa phakathi kwazi “ndishi”

3.6 ISEMBOZO

Umhlabathi umbizwa ngezinsalela zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene kanye nokubolayo ukuze kongeke

amanzi, kulawulweamazinga okushisa emhlabathini nokunyusa izinga lempilo yomhlabathi

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaphezulu kuka 350 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushosa nokubanda angaohezulu kuka 5°C

- Ubume bendawo: 1.5% -25%

-Umhlabathi : lonke uhlobo (5-30% ubumba) nokujula okungaphezulu kuka 30 cm

Ukwenza

- Izingadi

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha

- Izindleko ziphansi, izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

- Kulula ukwenza nokugcina esesimweni,

- Inomsebenzi omuningi

Ifucuza yamacembe imboze umbhede

iNapier fodder, umoba, izinsalela

zombila njengesembozo emibhedeni

etshalwe amaveje

Ilucerne noma utshani njenge sembozo endimeni elinyiwe ngokonga

ngale kokunisela (dryland) ucerne or grass mulch of dryland.

Conservation agriculture plot

Ukwemboza ngotshani kwemsele nenhlabathi ebuthezeliwe

I-TUNNEL

Inethi ewumbala ompunga evumela ukungena

kwelanga ngamazinga ako 40% eli wu 4.2 m ubude *

6 m ububanzi, aphakeme kangako 2 m asethsenziwa

ukuwakha amathaneli ngama khithi akhona.

Ukugoba kwensimbi imisa ithaneli kwenziwa

ngensimbi ebizwa ngokuthi ijig. Lezinsimbi

ezigobayp zifakwa emhlabathini ebese inethi igaxwa

phezu kwenzimbi ezigotshisiwe maqede lithungelwe

kuzona izinsimbi. Ithaneli iboshelwa esikhonkwaneni

nhlangothi zombili

Ngaphakathi ethaneleni kunembhede egujiwe

evuleke ngo 1 m ubude 5 m. Ubhede ngamunye

unikezwa ibhakede eliwu 20 l elixhunyelwe

amapayipi avumele amanzi aphume kancane

kancane. Inxube yezitshalo iyatshaalwa kanti

namanzi asesebenzile nawo angaphinde asebenziswe.

Lama thaneli alungele zonke izindawo lapho ukutshala kungenzeka khoma, imibhede uyakwazi

ukugubha kanti nokokunisela kuyatholakala

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini

-Endaweni engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha

-Izindleko nekhono eliphakathi nendawo liyandingeka kanye nokululekwa nokufunda.

Umuqa 1: Ngenhla ngakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla: ukusebenziswa kwentambo njesikhali sokumaka lapho ithamneli kumele ime khona.

Ukusetsheziswa kwensimbi esambobo ukumbela izinsimbi ezigotshisiwe imigodi. Ukugotshwa kwezinsimbi kusebenziswa isimbi yokugoba

:jig”,ukuxhunywa kwesinhlangatholi ezimbili ezigothsiwe ngensimbi yokuxhuma ejwayelekile

Umuqa 2 ngenhla ngakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla: “Ukutshalwa” kwezinsimbi ezigotshisiwe ezibombeni ezimbiwe, ukuthungelwa

kwenethi ezinsimbini ezigotshisiwe ngaphambi kokuthi zifakwe. Ukudonswa nokuqiniswa kwenethi kuzona zonke izinhlangothi uma

selifakiwe, ukuboshelwa esikhonkwaneni, ebese uqinisekisa ukufakakeka nokudonseka kahl noku qinisekisa ukuthi inethi ephansi emaceleni

iyagqitshwa ukubambelisa ithaneli uma kufika imimoya enamandla

Umuqa 3: Ngenhla ngakwesokunxele nesokudla: Izibonelo zamathaneli aseqediwe kwafakwanamabhakede okunisela kancane kancane (drip

kit

)

Ithaneli eqeda kwakhiwa enamabhakede okunisela

kancane(dripkit) kutshalwe ispinashi

3.7 UKUKHONGOZELWA KWAMANZI

Ngokujwayelekile abalimi

amanzi bawaqoqela

ezitsheni, imiphongolo

kanye noJojo. Kepha lokhu

akubanikezi amanzi

amaningi

Amathangi ambelwe

ngaphansi komhlaba

akwazi ukugcina amanzi

athe xaxa. Lamathangi

aqoqa amanzi aqhamuka

ezakhiweni, emigwaqeni,

nayinoma iyiphi indawo

ejwayelekile ukuze agcineke ngokubuningi (25 000- 40 000 litres) lawa ngamanzi anele ukunisela

ingadi esuka ku 100- 200 m2 izinyanga ezisuka kwezine kuya kweziyisithupha

Imigodi evulekile idinga ukumbiwa ebese mathangi ayakhiwa ngohlobo lwa simede oluyi

“ferrocement”, izitini kanye ne geofabric kanye nebitumen

Okudingekayo

- Imvula engaohezulu kuka 450 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

- Ubume bendawo 1.5% -25 %

- Umhlabathi : lonke uhlobo (5-30% ubumba) nokujula okungaphezulu kuka 30 cm

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha kuya endaweni esuka ku 0.1 ha kuya 1 ha

-Izindleko eziphezulu kumbe nomsebenzi omningi

-Izinga eliphezulu lwekhono nolwazi (isizo noqeqesho oluvela ngaphandle luyadingeka uma

usaqala

-Amanzi akhiswa ngebhakede, noma aphampwe. Inzika yenhlabathi kumele ikhishwe

ngebhakede njalo njalo ingakho lokhu kudinga ukwenza ngokuzimisela nokuqikelela.

Ithangi leferrocemnt eligujelwe ngaohansi

elinodonga lwezitini ukwakhela indawo

yokubamba amanzi nophandla oslusakhiwa

.Isbonelo sethange eligujwele phansi (18

m2) elinophandla lwathayela olusukayo

(Acornhoek)

Isisefo sokuvimba inzika yenhlabathi

ethangini elingu 25000 L eliguwele

ngaohansi ukunciphisa inzika

yenhlabathi emanzini abekiwe

IIthangi leGeofabric nodonga lwezitini

nophanhla ukuze kuohephe. Umsele

ofaka amanzi ungaphambili

Izindlela zasendaweni yaselimpopo sokukhongozela amanzi, izindishi imiphongolo 210

izigubhu 1000 L kanye nmathangi oJojo. Lezi zindlela zigcina amanzi amancane

3.8 UKUMBELWA KWAMATHANGE

oJojo bangasetshenziswa okuvuna amanzi

aqhamuka ophahleni lwendlu. Kubaluk=lekile

ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ogadasi namapayipi afanele

ayaxhunywa

Ungakwazi ukusebenzisa uJojo ongagqitshwe

wonke uma amanzi evunwa endaweni eyehlela

kakhulu. Uma indawo yehlela amanzi angakwazi

ukuphakwa esuka ethangini ngale ngokusebenzisa

amaphampu noma amabhakede.

Ziphinde zibekhona futhi nezindlela zokusebenzisa

oJojo ngaphansi komhlaba, nakuba kulezizimo

kudingeka ukuba baqiniswe. Ukusebenzisa oJojo

kulula kuno kulakha ithange.

i-Phampu ingasebenziswa ukuthela

amanzi

Ogadasi namphayiphi afaka amanzi abalulekile uma kusebenziswa

oJojo ukukhongozela amanzi aqhamuka ophahleni lwendlu

Amathangi angagqitshiwe wonke abekelwe ukuvuna

amanzi engelezayo

Amathange abelwe phansi

Itafula elincane eliveza inani lamanzi akakwazi okukhongozelwa

endlini encane

3.9 I-DAMU ELINCANE

Amadamu amancane angakwazi ukumbiwa enhlabathini enkwazi ukubamba amanzi (enobumba

longaphezulu kuka 25%). Amadamu ajwayele ukulahlekelwa amanzi, aphinde agcwale isikhathi

esifishane kodwa aletha amanzi amaningi enhlabathini elapho embiwe khona.. Avamise kumbiwa

lapho kuneziphethu khona ezizokwazi ukuwagcwalisa njalo njalo okanye lapho kugijima khona amanzi

njalo azokwazi ukuligcwalisa.

Ungakwazi ukundlalela idamu ngopulasitki kodwa kuphela uma kunamathuba okuthi lihlale ligcwele

njengoba upulasitiki uguga kalula uma uzoshaywa ilanga.

Kuyenzeka ukuthi idamu lindlalelwe –bentonite ukuze livaleke nalapha futhi kumele kubhekwe ukuthi

idamu lizohlala ligcwele yini

Izibonelo ezintathu zama damu amancane ambiwe emhlbathini ongakwazi ukubamba amanzi, inhlabathi enobumba

olungaphezulu kuka 25% ukuze ube nesiqiniseko. Leli elingakwesokudla idamu elikhu eliphakelwa umthombo ongasehla

kwalo. Leli eliphkathi nendawo liphakelwa ipayiphi elinamanzi azihambelayo (ahamba ngale kwephampu) aqhamuka emfuleni.

Isiziba esinccane esindlalelwwe ibentonite (ubumba

oluphuzi phakathi esizibeni) egcwaliswa esizibeni.

Qaphela indlela izindonga zesiziba ezimi ngayo, zimi

ngendlela evumela ukugqisheleka kwebentonite

ezindogeni nangaohansi kwesiziba ukuze sivaleke (amanzi

angabaleki

Isiziba esincabe isimbiwe engadini yomohakathi

esiphakelwa amanzi ageleza emgaqeni lase lindlalelwa

ngopulasitiki.

3.10 UKUTHOLAKALA KWAMANZI

Ukuphathwa nokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yokuthola amanzi ezindaweni akwazi ukuhamba afike

emakhaya nasezi ngadini kungenzeka emiphakathini emincane yasemakhaya engamaqhembu

-Amaqembu asemiphakathi asebenzisana ndawonye ukuvumela ukuba ngubani ozoba

inxenye (ayi bantu abanphezulu kwamashumi amabili isibalo) okudinga babe abantu

abalimayo futhu abakhelene.

-Ibo abathola indawo okungatholakala kuyo amanzi eseduzane nalapho bakhe khona

okungaba umthombo okanye indawo okungambiwa kuyo iborehole ebese bekhulumisana

nonuhholi bendawo ngemvume yokuba bekwazi ukuwasebenzisa amanzi

- Emva kwalokhu kuba khona uhlelo lokuba ithangi okuyilo elizomukela amanzi ligcwaliswe

ngamanzi amaqhamuka emthombeni wamanzi ngale kokusebenzisa iphamphu ahambe afike

emakhaya kanye nasezingadini

-Ikomidi lamanzi kuhlela ibese libheka imithetho mayelana nokutholakla kwamanzi ikhaya

ngalinye liphinde libhekelele nezezimali nezokukhokha.

-Bonke abantu abayi nxenye balindeleke ukuba babenomnikelo oyimali, basebenza ngekhathi

kumbiwela amapayipi baphinde babhekelele okuphathwa kwamanzi ndawonye nabanye

ozakwabo emaqenini

-Zonke izimvumo ezivela kwabaphethe ezamanzi knaye nomkhandlu kumele zitholakale

kuphinde kube nehlelo lokunakekela ukuya phambili

Okudingekayo

-Rainfall:Imvula engaphezulu kuka 150mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

- Ubume bendawo : noma enjani

- Umhlabathi: noma onjani

- Izindawo zokuthola amanzi imithobo okanye amnzi azombelwa

Ukwenza

- Emakhaya nasezingadini

-Indawo engapahnsi kuka 0.1 ha

-Izindleko ziphezulu, udinga izinsiza eitholakala endaweni nalezo ezingatholakali endaweni

-Kudingeka ulwazi kanti kuyasethsenzwa, kudingeka ukuqeqesheka nosizo kwabanolwazi

Isibonelo sethangi okuyilo

elithwala amanzi asabalaliselwa

emakhaya ngale kwephampu

Isibonelo sokuxhunywa

kwemiphongolo emakhya.

Lemiphongolo ixhumene iphinde

nebhola elivalayo uma amanzi

esegcwele

Ukumbiwa kwe- borehole nokufakwa kwepayiphi

elisuka ethangini liya emakhya

Umthombo ombiwe kwenziwa idamu elincane. Ukuvikelwa komthombo kufaka ukufakwa kwepayipi egqitshwe emgodini ombiwe

ngezanso kwedamu obe usumbozwa ngegravel, inethi kanye nomhlbathi ukuze uvikeleke. Ngalendela umthombo uyavikeleka,

ngale kokuthi kuze kwakhiwe izakhiwe ezinkulu.

3.11 UKUPHATHWA KWAMANZI AMPUNGA

Amanzi ampunga amanzi ebekade esebenziselwa izinto sasendlini ezifana nokuwasha izingubo,

izintsha kanye nokugeza kodwa lokhu akufaki amanzi ‘amunyama’ okunamanzi asezindlini

zangasese kanye nendle engamanzi ehamba ngamapayipi okuchitha.. Amanzi ampunga avamise

ukuba nensipho eningi nokunye. Ubungozi obungakhona ukuba namaciwane kwalamanzi

okungeniwa insipho kanye noqweqwe ngaohezulu komhlabathi uma ezosebenziswa njalo.

Ukuqikelela ukusebenziswa okuphephile nokulahlwa kwamanzi ampunga kubalulekile.Lokhu kufaka

ukusebenzisa umlotha nezinye izinto ezifana nembewu yemoringa ukubamba iphinde izikise insipho

kanye nezindlela zokunisela ezizogwema amanzi ampunga ukuba athinte amacembe ezitshalo

Zintathu izindlela zokusebenzisa amanzi ampunga ezichazwe lapha

1.Amabhakede okunisela kancane

. Lezi izindlela zokunisela kancane kancane ezakhelwe imibhede ehlukene, evamise ukuba 1m

ukuvuleka kanye 5 m ubude ebese kufakwa ibhakede elingu 20 l. Ama ‘drip kit’ axhunywa lapho

ezofakwa khona usenzele ezibombi zokunisela usebenzisa intambo, uphinde uzikhethele

ukuqhelelana kwamaphayiphi nokushiyana kwembobo ezinisela kancane kancane. Ngokujwayelekile

amaphayiphi amabili asebenzayo ahlukene kangango 30 cm. Ukunisela kwenziwa nsuku zonke.

Lamabhakede angaphinde ashitshwe afakwe nezisefo zokusefa umhlabathi, ukusefa amanzi

ampunga namanzi okunisela angcolile. Kulezizimo kundlalelwa amatshe awuhlwayi phansi

ebhakedeni ebese kulandela isihlabathi sasemfuleni esigeziwe. Isihlabathi sasemfuleni sifakwa

esikwameni ukuze singaxubani namatshe uma amabhakede efakwa amanzi. Lezi zisefo kudingeka

zishitshwe emva kwesikhathi esithile uma sekubonakala ukuthi izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi

emaphayiphini liyehla. Amaphayiphi angagezwa ngokuvula lezitobha ezivala lapha kuphela khona

umbhede, lokhu kuvumela inzika okungenzeka yakhele emaphayiphini

Amatshe afakwe phansi ebhakedeni

Isihlabathi esifakwe esikhwameni esivaliwe

esibekwe phezulu kwamatshe, ukugwema

isihlabathi ukuthi singene emaohayiphini

izindilinga zobumanzi ezinziwe

izimbobo ezifakwe izintambo

zokunisela

Iisibonelo samphayiphi amabili

okunisel kancane kancane ahlukene

kangango 30 cm

Amanzi ampunga ohlelweni

lokunisela kancane kancane

Kokubili amatshe nesihlabthi kuyagezwa

ngaphambi kokusebenziswa, ukuqinisekisa

ukuthi ahlanzekile ukugwema ukuvimbeka

kokuphuma kwamanzi emaphayiphini

Lezizithombe zisinikeza indlela esikwazi ukuyibon ayokuchaza ukuthi loluhlelo lokunisela kancane

kancane lwenizwa kanjani

Iphayiphi livalwa

ngokuligoba ebese

liboshelwa emhlabathini

Amaphiyiphi okunisela kancane

kancane ahlukene kangango 30 cm

axhunywe ephayiphini elehlayo

lomama benza izintambo zokufakwa eohayiphini lounisela

kancane kancane

Izibombo zenziwa lonke iphayiphi nhlangothi zombili ebese

kufakwa intambi kapulasitiki eboshwe amafindo amancane

ukuvumela okconsa kancane kance kwamanzi

Imbobo encane yenziwa emzimbeni webhakade maphansi

nalo ukuze kuzofakwa ‘indololwane’ okuxhuma kanye

nephayiphi elehlayo

Ibhakede libekwa phezulu kwento bese kuxhunywa

iphayiphi elehlayo, ukuqiniseisa ukuthi amanzi anomfutho

owanele emaphiyiphini.

Uma sekwenziwe, uhlelo lungahlolwa

ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhulu bezindilinga

zobumnazi buyafana kozona zonke izimbobo

zokunisela kancane kancane

2. Tower gardens

Ama tower garden akhiwa kusukela phansi ngokusebenzisa izigxobo ezine ebese ufaka inethi

elivumela ukungena kwelanga okungango 80% usuzengeze izigxobo. Phakathi nendawo,insika

yamatshe yakhiwa gokusebenzisa ibhakede elivuleke nhlangothi zombili njenge ndilinga. Umbhede

ugcwaliswa ngenxube elungiselelwa ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kombhede, lenxube yakhiwa izinxenye

ezintathu (inxenye inhlabathi, inxenye umqhuba, inxenye umlotha- kudingeka umlotha omuningi

ozokwazi ukukhucula amanzi asesebenzile. Izimbobo ezincane senziwa emaceleni esikwama kanye

nezithombo ezitshalwe zime mpo phakthi kulezibombo ezincane- ngokujwayelekile isipinashi noma

ezinye ezitshalo ezisamfino. Ingaphezulu lombhede lingasebenziselwa ukutshala ezinye izitshalo-

njengo tamatisi ongaphinde ukwazi ukuzithandela ezigxotsheni. Umbhede unganiselwa ngothela

amanzi ensikeni yamatshe ephakthi nendawo nombhede.

Ukwenza

-Ukulawula ukusebenza kwamanzi ampunga

- Ezingandini

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha

-Izindleko ezincane kuya kweliphakathi, ikhono elincane kuya kweliphakathi kubandakanya

nokufunda nokwelulekwa, izinsiza zitholkakala endaweni.

-Kuncane okwenzayo ukuyilungisa- nakuba izikhwama zidinga ukushintshwa emuva

kwesikhathi (eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemihlanu 3-5 years

Ukwenza inxube yomhlabathi,

umqhub akanye nomlotha

ezogcwalisa itower garden

Ukubekwa kwamatshe- ibhakade elincane elivulekile

ngaphansi libekwa phakathi nendawo kombhede

Ukwakhiwa kwe tower garden-

igcwaliswa ngenxube

yomhlabathiazungeze amatshe

afakwe ohakathi nendawo

ebese iyakhuphulwa.

Ukuvulwa kwembobo ezincane esikhwameni

ukuze kutshalwe izithombo

Ukunisela phakathi nendawo ensikeni

yamatshe.

Itower garden ‘esivuthiwe’

etshawe ispinashi, kale, spring

onion kanye ne marigold

3.Keyhole beds

Lena imibhede eyakhiwa ezindaweni ezincane lapho iphakathi nendawo linobhasikidi wekhomposi

ukuze kuchelelwe kanye nokufakwa kwamanzi asesebenzile. Imibhede elula ukuyinakekela.

Imibhede emise okwendilinga evuleke kangango 3 m, ebese kuba khona “imbobo kakhiye” lapho

ubhasikidi wekhomposi ugcwaliswa khona njalo njalo ngokubolayo kanye nokufakwa kwamanzi.

Izindonga zakhiwe zaphakama kangango 60 cm kuya ku 80 cm ukuya phezulu ebese ugcwaliswa

ngenxube yomhlabathi kanye nekhomposi okanye umqhuba kanye nomlotha. Ukelika noma

I’bonemeal’ nayo ingafakwa. Umbhede utshalwa izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo noma uhlukaniswe

ngesikhawu ukuze kulandelaniswe izitshalo

Ukwenza

- Ezingandini

Indawo engaohansi kuka 0.1ha

- Indleko ziphansi, ikhono elincane kuya kweliphakathi, ukufunda kanye nokwelulekwa ,

izinsiza saze ndaweni(amatshe kumele atholakale kalula njengob akudingeka amatshe angu

500 kg kuya ku 800 kg

-Kuncane okwenzayo ukuyilungisa

Ikeyhole eqeda kwakhiwa. Lapha iphakathi nendawo lakhiwe

ngamashe amancane kunokuba kufakwe ibhasikidi wekhomposi

Umdwebo okhombisa ikeyhole kusukela ngasenhla lapha

ubhasikidi wekhomposi uhlukaniswe kane ukuze

kushintshaniswe izitshalo (izithelo, ukusakhaba,

okunezimpande- okunemdumba)

Ikeyhole esivuthiwe etshalwe iznhlobonhlobo zezitshalo.

3.12 GRASSED WATERWAYS

Zindlela ezihmaba amanzi ezinziwe ngotshani zivulekile, azijulile zijwayele ukumisa okwe soso

zakhelwe ukuhambisa amanzi aphezu komhlabathi ngale kokuguguleka. Lezizindlela zisebenziselwa

ukuhambisa amanzi agelezayo emasimini ezindaweni eziphephile ezifana nemimfula.

xUkwembozeka izitshalo kwalapho kuhamba khona mamanzi kunciphisa ukuhamba kwamanzi

kuphinde kuvikele umgud u ekugugulekeni ngenxa yamanzi agijimayo.

xUkutshala izitshalo ezinabayo notshani obungashi njenge paspalum, fescu, kikuyu kanye

noqambalala kungcono kunotshala ukutshani obukhula bume obuphinde bushe.

xUma ubuka ohlangothini kumele indela ehamba amanzi iqonde noma ibesandishi, ukujula

kube okungenani okusukela ku 30 cm kuya ku 40 cm ubume bendawo ezindongeni kumele

zinganyukeli okudla okukodwa kokune

(1 in 4)

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaohezulu kuka 450 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaohezulu

kuka 5°C

-Ubume bendawo : 1,5%-25%

-Umhlabathi: zonke izinhlobo (5-30%

ubumba), kanye nokujula okunga phezulu

kuka 30cm

Ukwenza

- Emasimini

-0,1-1ha, >1ha Indawo esuka ku 0.1 ha kuya

ku 1 ha , nendawo engaphezulu kuka 1 ha

-Izindleko ziphansi, izinsiza zitholakala

endaweni

-Kulula ukwenza nokulungisa kodwa inomsebenzi omningi

Ukuma okusandishi noma okuqondile okungcinywa ukuthi kulungele

indlela ezinhamba amanzi ezenziwe ngotshani. Qaphela izindonga

lapho kungajulile khona (Michigan state University, (MSU Extension

2015)

Left: Erosion caused by run-off in a wheat field (MSU

Extension

2015

)

The same field with a grassed waterway installed a few years

later, (MSU Extension, 2015)

Paspalum (Bahia Grass) is a good

option for waterways – it is tough and

drou

ht resistant

Tall Fescue remains green

throughout winter

Couch grass (Elymus repens), is considered a

weed, in cropping land but it grows well even in

poor soils and provides good cover for a

waterway

4 UKUPHATHWA KOMHLABATHI (UKULAWULA UKUGUGULEKA, UMNOTHO WOMHLABATHI

KANYE NEMPILO YOMHLABTHI)

4.1 STONE LINES/ BUNDS

Amatshe atakwa saluthango phezu kwekhontolo ukuze alawule ukuhamba kwamanzi kuphinde

kulekelele ukwakheka kwenhlathi ngemuva kwawo amatshe. Amatshe “akhiyelwe” emseleni ngokuthi

ambelwe umsele ongajulile lapho khona amatshe amakhulu ebekwa lapho kwehlela khona kakhulu

ukuze uthango lwamatshe lungawi kuphinde kuvumele nokuhamba kancane kwamanzi phakathi

namatshe. Ukutshala kungenziwa ngezansi kothango lwamatshe njengoba kujwayeleke ukuthi

abemaningi amanzi akhala lapho okanye ngenhla kwalo uthango lwamatshe lapho kwakhela khona

umhlabathi noma inzika yenhlabathi

Okudingayo

- Imvula engaphezulu kuka 1500 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaohezulu kuka

5°C

- Ubume bendawo 0.5%-5%

-Umhlabathi- zonke izinhlobo- nalapho amatshe

etholakala khona kalula

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini, nasemasimini

-Indawo usukela kwengaphansi kuka 0.1 ha kuya kwephakathi kuka 0.1 ha- 1 ha,

nangaphansi

-Izindleko ziphansi, izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

- Inomsebenzi omningi

Stone lines- akhiwa phezu kwekhontolo kanti angenzinwa

endaweni noma en

akanani

Sibona amatshe “akhiyellwe emseleni, amakhulu lapho

kwehlela ngakhonaa ditch kunalawa amancane.

Amatshe amancane asebenziselwa

okulwawula ukugeleza kwamanzi

emgwaqeni awahambise ezingadini

uBrinjals utshalwe enzikeni

eseyakhe ngenhla kwengadi

ematsheni alujenge

uBanana utshalwe ngenzansi

kwamatshe alujenge asebonakala

4.2 CHECK DAMS

Icheck dam idamu elincane elingakiwe inomphelo maqondana nomsele kumbe lapho kunezimpawu

zokuhamba kwamanzi ukuze kunciphiswe ukuhamba kwamanzi nesivinini sawo ukuze inhlabathi ikwazi

ukwakhela lapho. Ziningi izinto ezingazebenziswa okubalwa kuzona umhlabathi, amatshe, izingodo

kanye nokutshaliwe. Amatshe kanye nokunye kwakhelwa endaweni eyehlelayo noma kwikhontolo

ukunciphisa ukuguguleka okungenzeka kwenziwe amanzi azihambelayo. Umphumela walokhu

okwakheka kwetebhisi ezinomhlabathi onothile ongavumela okutshalwa kwezitshalo

Ama check dams ajwayele ukubekwa uvundle lapho kubonakala ukuthi amanzi ayahamba khona

ngemumva kwezimvula, kodwa engihambi khona unomphelo.Ayabekwa nalapho kuguguleke khona.

Asebenza kahle ukwenza imigwaqo izinze noma izindlela eziqamula lapho kuhamba khona amanzi.

Amatshe aziyicaba kunalawo angorawondi iwona amahle. Amatshe abekwe abekwe ngaphansi kumele

avuleke ngamanani 30 cm- 60 cm ebese isindo sibe 5 – 9 kg. Amatshe amancane aphezulu nokuyiwo

asa “phinifa” kumele abe 15- 22 cm ukuvuleka.

Kungawumbono omuhle

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaphezulu kuka 1500 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaohezulu

kuka 5°C

- Ubume bendawo 0.5%-5%

-Umhlabathi- zonke izinhlobo- nalapho amatshe

etholakala khona kalula

Idonga oselakhela ensimini

Ukumbiwa komsele wokukhiyela

amatshe echck dsam

Ukuqalwa kukutakwa kwamatshe e check dam

amatshe amakhulu aya ngenzasi

Izibonelo secheck dam ene”phinifa

ngezansi kodonga nokuma kwayo

okusabananan

4.3 TERRACES

Iterrace umhhube oqondile womhlabathi owakhiwe wagudla ikhontolo endaweni eyehlelayo yase

iphaswa ngehlabathi, noma amasthe noma imiqa yama thayi amadala. Ama terrace akha

indawo ezinzile yokutshala obekungaba azitshaleki ngenxa yokwehlela okwekhulu .

Amaterrace mase emaninngi ajike abukeke ngzitebhisi ezinciphisa amanzi agelezayo,

akhuphule ukungena emhlabathini ebese esiza ekulawuleni ukuguguleka komhlabathi.

Amaterreace akhiwa ezindaweni ezehlela kakhulu.

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaohezulu kuka 350 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°

-Ubume bendawo: 10%-40%

-Soil: all types – where stones and rocks are easily

available Umhlabathi : zonke izinhlobo lapho

amatshe etholakala khona kalula

- Ukwenza

- Ezingadini nasemasimini

-<0,1ha, 0,1-1ha, >2ha indawoo enngaohansi kuka

0.1 ha indawo ephakathi kuka 0.1 kuya ku 1 ha,

nendawo engaphezulu kuka 2 ha

-Indleko ziphansi, izinsisa zitholakala endaweni

- Inomsebenzi omningi

Amaterrace angamatshe emasimini

Ama-Terraces angakhiwa ngokusebnzisa amasondo

amadala ezindaweni lapho amatshe en

atholakali

Sibona ubume bendawo (20%) kwakhiwa amaterrace kutshalwe

umbila

Sibona ubume bendaw (40%) kwakhiwe amaterrace

endaweini eyehla kakhulu. a steep bank.

4.4 UKUPHUCULA IZINGA LOKUBOLAYO

Ukuphucula izinga lokubolayo emhlabthini kubaluleke kunayinoma isiphi isigaba sokusebenza.

Izindlela zifaka:

- Ukwengeza umquba. Ukuphucula izinga lomquba ngokuqoqa kuphela lowomquba

onomchamo ezibayeni, lapho kusetshenziswa khona utshani ngengombhede wokundlala

ebese kuyambozwa ngocwazi. Kubekwe okungenani izinsuku ezinhlanu kuya

kweziyisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe.

- Ukwengeza ikomposi ngokundlala okomile, okuseluhlaza, umquba kanye nenhlabathi

emanzi ngokwanele.

- Izinsalela zizitshalo ezisanhlamvu, satshani, samdumba, samfino kanye nama chenopods

- Isembozo esijulile noma isiyishidi

Ukuthola zinsiza ezinezinga eliphezulu lemisoco edingekayo njenge skhuthazi Nitrogen kanye ne

Carbonis kubalulekile. Ezinye izinsalela zezitshalo zinesibalo esiphezulu siminye ymisoco edingekayo

efana no Potassium (comfrey) kanye ne silicon (stinging nettle)

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaphezulu kuka 150 mm ngonyka kodwa engaphnsi kuka 1200 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

-Ubume bendawo 5 % - 25 %

-Umhlabathi- zonkke izinhlobo nakuba umhlabathi osasihlabathi kakhulu noma salubumba

kakhulu ungaba nzima ukulawula

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini nasemasimini

-Iindawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha

indawo ephakathi kuka 0.1 kuya

ku 1 ha, nendawo engaphezulu kuka 2 ha

-Indleko ziphansi, izinsisa zitholakala endaweni

- Inomsebenzi omningi

Isibaya sezimbuzi sindlalelwe

usthani ukuphucula izinga

lomqhuba

Ingqhumbi yekomposi eyendlalelwe okomile okulihlaza, umquba kanye nenhlabathi emanzi

ngokwanele mase kuyamboza

Icomfre

, izinsalela zotshan nezambila nenxube

ezitshalo ezi

izembozo- u

ika nelan

a, amabele, dolichos kan

e nonbhintshis

4.5 PLANTING LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES

Izitshalo ezimdumba zibaluleke ngokuthi zikwazi ukufaka isikhuthazi iNitrogen esimoyeni enhlabathi

ziphinde ziphucule nezinga notha komhlabathi nempilo yayo inhlabathi ukuze izitshalo eziseduze

nezizolandela zikwazi ukuzithola lesisikhuthazi. Ungakwazi ukuzitshala kanye kanye nezinye izitshalo

okanye uzilandelanise nezinye.

Izibonelo zalelezitshalo ezitshala ngezikhathi ezifundumele zibandakanya ezitshala ngezikhathi

ezifundumele zibandakanya ezitshala ngezikhathi ezifundumele zibandakanya ilezi sugar beans,

runner beans, cowpeas, Jugo beans, ground nuts, Dolichos (Lab-Lab), Velvet beans (Mucuna), Jack

bean, mung beans, chickpeas, lentils, Lucerne and Sun hemp. Zibonelo zalelezizitshalo ezitshalwa

ngezikhathi ezipholile ilezi peas, broad beans, vetch, and clover.

Izitshalo ezingama green manure zitshalelwa ukuphendulelwa emhlabathini, ngaphambi kokuthi

ziqhakaze lapho ezisebenzisa khona imisoco eminingi ebandakanya isikhuthazi iNitrogen zibe sezi

fakwa emhlabathini ukwenzela izitshalo ezizayo. Zivamise ukuba izitshalo ezinemdumba ezifana ne

nevetch neclover, ukuyizinhlamvu nokusatshani njenge black oats kanye ne fodder rye ukusamfino

okufana njenge foolish, radish, turnips, mustard kanye neconola kanye nama “chenopods”

njengembuya

Okudingayo

- Imvula engaphezulu kuka 150 mm ngonyka kodwa engaphnsi kuka 1200 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

-Ubume bendawo 5 % - 25 %

-Umhlabathi- zonkke izinhlobo nakuba umhlabathi osasihlabathi kakhulu noma salubumba

kakhulu ungaba nzima ukulawula

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini nasemasimini

-<0,1ha, 0,1-1ha, >2ha indawoo enngaohansi kuka 0.1 ha indawo ephakathi kuka 0.1 kuya ku

1 ha, nendawo engaphezulu kuka 2 ha

-Indleko ziphansi, izinsisa zitholakala endaweni

- Inomsebenzi omningi

izindumba nexhuthswe nommbila

uLablab utshalwe njenge green

manure endimeni okulandelaniswa

kuyona izitshalo

Izitshalo eziyisembozo, ebusika, saia

oats

fodder r

e kan

e ne fodder radish

oqat

buya

ebo

4.6 IMIBHEDE EJULILE

These are intensive gardening beds, dug out and filled with material for in situ composting.

- A bed is dug out to 60-80cm depth, around 1 m wide and 1-10m long.

- It is filled with a range of organic matter; manure, dry material, green material and soil

- Other layers could include tins at the bottom for iron and water holding, or sticks

- Bone meal and lime can be added to increase fertility

- Bones, skins and feathers can be added for P

- Ash can be added for K

- The bed is built up in a small basin, planted and mulched

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaphezulu kuka 350 mm nginyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nkubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

-Topography: 0,5%-5% Ubume bendawo 0.5 % -5%

- Soil: all types

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha

- Izindleko ziphansi, izinsizauzithola endaweni

- Kulula ukuyinakekela,inomsebenzi omningi

imibhede ejulile imbiwa ukujula okusukela ku

60 cm kuya ku 1 m. Ubhede undlalwa

ngamathini madla namagatsha phansi

Izendlalo zokubolayo kube sekufakwa

njenge zinsalela zommmbila, amacembe,

ukhula kanye no tshani

Kube sekufakwa umquba, ulandelwe

inhlabathi yangaohezulu. Loku

kuyachelelwa ebese kuphinde

kuqlalwe phansi ne

I Uma kukhona, isendlalo sokuluhlaza okubolayo njengo khula,

amacembe, amakhasi amaveje nezinsalela ziyafakwa emva

kukofakwa kokomile

Imibhede ejulile yakhiwa emgodini ongajulile ebese kuba khona

ukusandishi phakathi embhedeni laphho kusthalwa khona

izimbewu nezithombo.

4.7 IMIBHEDE ENGAJULILE

Imibhede egujwe ayangajula iyindlela elula yokwenza imibhede egujiwe. Lembhede imbiwa ngokujula

okungango 30 cm ebese igcwaliswa ngokubolayo, umqhuba, isinsalelela zezitshalo ezomile noma

ezimanzi

Lemibhede ijwayele ukusebenziswa kakhulu uma kwenziwa imisele nemibundu eyakha indawo edle

ngobude enmhlabathi ovundile- ilungile kakhulu izingadi ezithe ukuba nkulu kanye nama simu.

Kulemibhede ukwemboza kubalulekile kanjalo nokuxubanisa izitshalo kanye nokuzishintshanisa.

Lemibhede ingathatha iminyaka esuka kweithathi kuya kweyisishagalombili ukuze uphinde

uyigcwalise

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaphezulu kuka 350 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

- Ubume bendawo 0.5-5%

- Umhlabathi-zonke izinhlobo

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha

- Izindleko eziphansi, insiza zitholakala endaweni

- Kulula ukyinakekela, inomsbenzi omningi

Ukumbiwa komsele ongajulile 30 cm

ububanzi no 15 cm ukujula phezu

kwekhontolo nsimini

Ukuqala ukugcwaliswa komsele

ngomqhuba, ukuluhlaza kanye nezitshalo

esezomile

A garden with shallow and deep trench beds with

mixed cropping and mulching Ingadi emibhede

engajulile nejulile kwatshalwa izinhlobonhlobo

zezitshalo kwase kwembozwa

4.8 ECO-CIRCLES

Lena imibhede emincane eziyizindilinga embiwe yaphinde yakwakwa umquba noma ikomposi. Ama

Eco circle aniselwa kancane kancane mgokusenbenzisa isgubhu esingu 2 litre esibhobozwe

ezimbobo emaceleni, lesi sigubhu (2l) “sitshwala” phakathi nendawo nombede.

Ama ecocircle alungele kakhulu izingadi ezincane kanti futhi iphinde ibe indlela yoqalisa ukufunda

ngobuhle bokujula komhlabathi ukuze izimpande zijule, ukubaluleka kokubolayo engadini,

ukwemboza kanje nendlela ehlelekile yokunisela.

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaphezulu kuka 350 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

- Ubume bendawo 0.5&-5%

- Uhlobo lomhlabathi-zonke izinhlobo

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha

- Izindleko ziphansi, izinsisa zitholakala endaweni

- Kulula ukuyinakekela, inomsebenzi omningi

Ukumbiwa kwama ecocorcle ukubamnzi

kusukela ku 1 m kuya ku 1.5 m, ukujula 30

cm, kwengezwe ngomunye u 15 cm

kuxhutshwa khina nomqhuba., ngaphambi

kokubuyisea inhlabathi ixhutshwa nomqhuba

noma ikhopmosi

Ieco circle esiqediwe yase ijikelezwa

ngamatshe. Unxantathu oyizinkuni

usebenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo

izikotelayo ezifana no bhintshisi notamatisi

Ieco corcle emboziwe kwase kufakwa

esingu 2L phakathi nendawo

kwatshalwa izitshalo zokunonga

4.9 UKUFAKWA KWAMANYOLO KANYE NOKELIKA

Omanyolo bafakwa ngokwezingcomo zemiphumela yokuhlolwa komhlabathi, ufakwa duzane

nezitshalo ezikhulayo kunokuba ufazwe noma ufakwe ebandeni. lokhu konga umanyolo

kuphinde kwenze umanyolo ukuthi ufakwe lapho odingeka khona kuphela, okukhuphula

uzinga lokusebenza kwawo. Ukelika ufakwa emahholweni noma emiseleni phezulu

kwenhlabathi- lokhu kwenzelwa ukunciphisa isimuncwana enhlabathini, ukelika ungaphinde

ulinyelwe ensimini noma endimeni ngaphambi kokuqalisa ukutshala ngokonga

Okudingekayo

-Imvula engaphezulu kuka 450 mm ngonyaka

-Amanzinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

-Ubume bendawo 1.5 – 10 %

-Umhlabathi: zonke izinhlobo- kulawulwa izingcomo zemiphumela yomhlabathi

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini, emasimini

-Indaawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha, kuya endaweni esukela ku 0.1 ha kuya ku 1 ha

nasezindaweni ezingaphezulu kuka 2 ha

-Izindleko eziphakathi, kunciphisa ukusebenza kwenzisa kulima ngokuzisebenzisa ngendlela.

- Inomsebenzi omningi

Ukufakwa kuka kelika emahholweni/imigodi

kusebenziswa isivalo njengsikali

Ukubekwa kuka manyolo (ibanda)

bengezansi ngokuqelelana okungango 2 cm

nembewu

Ukuphendulwa kuka kelika ngaphambi kokuqala ukulima ngokonga

Ukufakwa kuka kelika emiseleni ezotshwalwa

ubhontshisi

Ukusebenzisa umshini

wokutshala okhipha umnayolo

nembewu ngesikhathi esisodwa

Ukukala umanyolo kuseneziswa

i-teaspoon.

4.10 ZAI PITS /UKUTSHALA EMAHHOLWENI

I-zai wumgodi wokutshala ojwayele ukuvuleka kangango 20cm kuya ku 40 cm ebese ijula okungako

10cm kuya ku 20 cm .I zai ibamba imvula knaye namanzi agelezayo ivikele imbewu kanye nokulayo

ekugugulekeni. Aphinde alekelele ukuhlaliseni amanzi nemisoco edingwa izitshalo. Imigosi imbiwa

ngesikhathi lingani izulu. Umhlabathi osuke usimbiwe wenziwa imibundu sakujikeleza umgodi ukuze

ukukhuphuke izinga lokubambeka kwamanzi emgodini. Emva kokumbiwa kwemigodi, ikomposi

yezinto ezibolayo iyafakwa ngesikali esingango 600 g umgodi ngamunye ebese emva kwezimvula

zokuqala emgodi ebese uyambozwa ngomhlabathi imbewu ifakwa phakathi nendawo nomgodi

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaphezulu kuka 350 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

-Ubume bendawo : 1.5% -25%

-Umhlabathi zonke izinhlobo (5%-30% ubumba) kanye nokujula ukungaphezulu kuka 30 cm

Ukwenza

- Ezingandini, emasimini

-Indawo esukela ku 0.1ha kuya ku 1ha

-Izindleko ziphansi izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

-Kulula ukuyenza nokuyigcina, inomsebenzi omningi

Ama “zai pits” ezweni lase Kenya, kutshalwe ummbila wase wembozwa ukuze kukhuphuke izinga lokubambeka

komswakamo nomnotho womhlabathi (sithathwe permies.com,2017)

Ama”zai pits” ensimini egugulekile, nekhomposi esilungele

ukufakwa (sithathwe Chris Reij,2010)

Ummbila otshalwe kuma “zai pits” ezweni lase Kenya

(

sithathwe Inadesforum.net

)

4.11 UKULIMA NGOKONGA

Indlela yokutshala emasimini esebenzisa lemigomo:

xUkuphazanyiswa okuncane komhlabathi, akulinywa, kuvulwa imigodi, amahholo kanye

nemisele.

x Ukumbozeka komhlabathi, insalela zezitshalo zishiywa ensimini ukuze zizoba isembozo

somhlathi, izitshalo zishiywa ensimini esikhathini eside ukuze zizositha izitshalo ezisaphila.

x Ukuxuba izitshalo: ukuzihlanganisa, nokuzishintshanisa ebesekufakwa zitshalo eziyizembozo

sasehlobo kanye nesasebusika

Ukulima ngokonga kuphucula impilo yomhlabathi, ukunotha kwayo,

isivuno kanye nokubambeka kwamanzi enhlabathini. Kunciphise

amanzi agelezayo,ukuguguleka kanye namazinga okushisa

nokubanda emhlabathini. Kuphinde kunciphise ukuqekeka

nokugqisheka komhlabathi

Okudingayo

- Imvula engaphezulu kuka 350 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

-Ubume bendawo: 1,5%-15%

-Umhlabathi: zonke izinhlobo (5%-35% ubumba)

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini, emasimini

- Indawo engaohansi kuka 0.1 ha, indawo ephakathu kuka 0.1

kuya ku 1 ha nendawo engaphezulu kuka 2 ha

-Izindleko ziphakathi (imbewu, umanyolo, imithi) imishini

yokutshala, izinsiza esisendaweni

- Inomsebenzi omningi

Umgomo 1: Ukuphazamiseka okuncane komhlabathi

Izinhlobonhlobo zimishini yokutshala,

MBLi(ozenza sageja) Haraka (isondo),

Matracca(uyaphonsa) kanye nemishini

edonswa izinkabi (knapik) ngezansi

Ukutshala emiselni nase ma hholweni kusebenziswa igeya ezandla kanye

nimishini yokutshala ‘MBLi’ ngale kokulima.

Umshini ondoswa uganda ganda otshwalo olwayini

amabili ungalimanga.

Ukusebenzisa iHaraka –isondo. Lomshini ukwazi ukutshala izimbewu

ezahlukene, kodwa awukwazi ukufaka nomanyolo ngesikhathi

esisodwa

Ukusebenzisa umshini odonswa izinkabi otshala

ungalimanga.

Umgomo 2: Ukumbozeka komhlabathi

Umgomo 3: Ukuxuba izitshalo

Indima etshalwe ummbila nobhontshisi olayini ngababili

besondelene

Indima etshalwe ummbila nezindumba olayini ngababili besondelene

Izitshalo eziyizembozo sasebusika, saia,

black oats, forage sorghum, kanye ne

fodder radish

Izitshalo eziyisembozo sasehlobo, ujika

nelnaga amabele kanye nosunhemp Ulab-lab (dolichos)

Amanzi Agelezayo

(akhanyayo )- 42 mm

Amanzi agelezayo

colile 195 mm

Indima elinywe ngokonga enesinsalela

zezitshalo. Amanzi agelezayo awanakho

okun

cola

Ukwembozwa kwendima elinywe

ngokonga ukuze ithole ukuvikeleka

Ukumbozeka okuhle komhlabathi

ezinsalela zezitshalo

Insimu elinyiwe enganzo insalela

zezitshalo amanzi agelezayo anokungcola

4.12 STRIP CROPPING

i-Strip cropping indlela yokutshala lapho ezitshalo ezihlukene zitshalwa ngemicu ngokulandelana

ukuvimbela ukuguguleka komhlabathi nokukhilisa izinga lothathwa kwezakha mziimba zezisthalo

enhlabathini. Utshalwa kwemicu kumele kuvundle ikhontolo. i

.Izitshalo zidinga ukukhethwa ngendlela yokuthi izimpande zijule ngokuhlukana nezidingo zezakha

mzimba. Ukutshala ngemicu kwezitshalo ezimisebenzi eminingi enyahlukene kuwombono omuhle.

Izitshalo ezinobuhle bezolimo nezamahlathi ezifana ne pigeon pea, moringa, sesbania sesban,

leuceana zisebenza kahle. Utshani obunjenge vetiver, lemon grass, napier fodder nazo

zingasebenziswa kanjalo ne Rhodes- smutsfinger(imxube ye digitaria, paspalum notatum kanye netall

fescue

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaohezulu kuka 350 mm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

-Ubume bendawo: 1,5%-15%

-Umhlabathi: zonke izinhlobo (5%-35% ubumba)

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini, emasimini

-Indawo enngaohansi kuka 0.1 ha, esukela ku 0.1 ha kuya ku 1 ha nengaohezulu kuka 2 ha

-Izindlekoziphansi (imbewu, izinsiza ezitholakala endaweni)

- Inomsebenzi omningi

Imicu yammbila kanye nePaspalum ne Digitaria

Imicu ye Pigeon pea/Leuceana kanye nommbila Imicu yatshani phakathi nommbila phezu kwekhontolo

Imicu yammbila kanye neLucerne noma lesopdeza

5 UKUPHATHWA LWEZITSHALO (IZINDLELA ZOKUTSHALA, IMPILO YESITSHALO,

UKWANDISWA, NOKUKHIQIZWA KWEZITHELO)

5.1 UMQHUBA WAMANZI

Umqhuba wamanzi umqhuba wezilwane ofakwe emanzini wase uqhunywa ebese uxhutshwa

namanzi ngaphambi kokuthi ufuthwe ezistshalweni noma enhlabathini ezungeze izitshalo

njengesengezo somnotho emhlabathini. Umqhuba wamanzi wengeza, uzinzise imisoco edingwa

izitshalo ebese ifaka ixhube yezilwanyana eziliswana nezifo kanye nezilwanyana ezingadingeki

Umqhuba wamanzi ujwayele ukwenziwa ngomqhuba

wezilwane(omusha, osanomcamo) njengezinkomo, izimbuzi,

amahhashi, iziklabhu, kanye noqhuba wezinkukhu,

kanye/noma nokhula oluhlaza satshani (isikhuthazi), iziqu

zikabanana (potassium kanye nephosphate), comfreykanye

nembati (izinika izitshalo izakha mzimba ezilekelela izitshalo

zilwisane nezifo). Lenxube ixutshwa ngokukodwa kokodwa

kokune 1:4 ngaphambi kokuba uyisebenzise

Ukwenza

- Ezingandini

-Izindawo ezingaphansi kuka 0.1 ha

-Izindleko ziphansi, izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

-Kulula kanni futhi kuyashesha ukuyenza

Ukuqotshwa kweziqu zika bhanana njenge tiye eliluhlaza

noma njengomqhuba wamanzi ofakwe izitshalo

Ukuqotshwa kokhula oluzofakwa emqhubeni wamanzi

Umqhuba wezilwane ozosetshenziswa njengomquba

wamanzi owezinkukhu, izimbuzi noma izinkomo muhle

kakhulu,umaumusha muhle kakhulu

Izitsha izifakwe umquba

wamanzi kumele zimbozwe

ukuze kugwemwe ukuhamba

nomaoya kwemisoco

ebalulekile

5.2 UKUXUBA IZITSHALO

Ukuxuba izitshalo ezingadini kubandakanya ukulamanisa izitshalo, ukutshal izitshalo ndawonye,

nokutshala izitshalo ngokuthi zihambiselana kanjani. Inhloso ukuba nezitshalo eziningi

ezahlukahlukene(kufakwa ezilaphayo, ezixosha izinambuzane, nezitshalo ezinemsisebenzi eminingi)

engadini yakho yemimmfino kanye nalapho utshale khona izithelo uma kuvuma, utshala unyaka

wonke, ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi unomthombo onempilo wokudla, uphucule indlela olawula ngayo

izinambuzane, iziifo kanye nokhula uphinde unciphise amathuba okushoda kanye nokungalungi

kwetshalo

Ukukhethwa kwezitshalo kuncike kulokhu:

oUkukwazi ukuvuna ukudla engandini unyaka wonke. Lokhu kuqonde ukuthi kumele kugxilwe

ezitshalweni ongakwazi ukuzivuna isikhathi eside ezifana nemfino, olettuce, spring onion

kanye no leek, lokhu kwenza singagxili kakhulu ezitshalweni ezifana nama klabishi kanye no

anyanisi esithatha iskhathi eside ngale kokukhiqiza ukudla.

oIzitshalo ezinezakha mzimba (Vit A) njenge mfino enamacembe aluhlaza satshani (ispinashi,

mustard, rape kanye nekale-ntufesh), okherothi kanye nembuya amacembe amathanga

kanye nezitshalo eziyizinongo njenge parsely

o. Izitshalo ezikwazi ukuxosha izinambuzane ezinjenge coriander, garlic chives nezinye

ezifana no rosemary kanye ne thyme.

oIzitshalo ezinemidumba njengo bhhontshisi, u-peas kanye tenephu

o Izitshalo ezikhula minyaka yonke ezinemsebenzi eminingi ezifana nomhlonyane, lemon

grass, bulbinella kanye nocomfrey

oIzimbali ezinjengo marigold kanye no -calendula

Ngaphezu kwalokhu kumele ugqikelele ukuthi awutshali izitshalo zasemndenini owodwa ndawonye

ukuze unciphize ukubhebhetheka kwezifo ezijwayelekile nokuncintisana ngokwemisoco. Ngalokho

izitshalo ezifana notamatisi, ubrinjal, amazambane kanye no pepper akumele zitshalwe ndawonye

kanjalo nezitshalo ezinacembe, klabishi, broccoli, cauliflower kanye neKale nezipinashi

ngokuhlukana kwazo akumele kustshalwe ndawonye

Ukulaminisa izitshalo kufakwa nhezindlela ezimbili enye ibuka ukushintshanisa izitshalo ngokuthi

ezidla kakhulu ezifana neklabishi zishintshaniswe nezitshalo ezingadli kakhulu ezifana no lettuce

kuphinde indlela ejewayelekile yokulamamanisa efaka okusakhaba- okunemidumba - okunezithelo

Ama calendar okutshala asebenziselwa ukuqhamuka nohla lwezitshalo ezilungele ukutshalwa

endaweni ethile kubhekelelwe nesimo sezulu esishintshayo.Ngezansi sibona icalender yokutshala

eyahlnganiswa ngokuthatha izimvo zabalimi basezi ndaweni Limpopo-lapho ubusika bufudmele,

nehlobo lishisa kanye naba limi basezindaweni za KwaZulu Natal nase Eastern Cape lapho ubusika

busuka ekupholeni buye ekubandeni . Amacalendar okutshala ajwayelekile nawo angasebenziswa

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini, asemasimini

- Izindawo ezingaohansi kuka 0.1ha, ezisukela ku 0.1 ha kuya ku 1 ha, kanye nezindawo

ezingaohezulu kuka 2 ha

-Izindleko ziphansi (imbewu nezitshalo), izinsiza zitholakala edaweni

- Kulula ukwenza

uMagdelina Malepe (Sedawa),

utshale imarigolds, no thyme,

arsle

inach kan

alo ne kale

uChristina Thobejane (Sedawa) –

usthale ummbila, i-okra, utamatisi,

ikale kanye nemarigold

uPhumelele Hlongwane

(Ezibomvini) –utshale ubeetroot,

imustard spinach kanye

nespring onions ne parsley

uAlex Makgopa (Sedawa)-

utshale i spring onion, ispinach,

izzqathi kanye nomarigold.

Mama Mcanyana (Gobizembe) –

utshale ubroccoli, iChinese

cabbage, ispinach, ucoriander

kanye nemarigold

Umbhede okujwe wajula ofakwe

fennel, coriander, parsley kanye

nama chives

5.3 UKUSHINTSHANISA IZITSHALO

Ukushintanisa zitshalo kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuphatha/ ukunakekela ingadi noma amasimu.

Ukushintshanisa kwehlisa izinga lezinambuzane kanye nezifo ezakhela emhlabathi kuphinde kuzinzise

izimo semisoco ephumayo emhlabathini zithuthukise nempilo yomhlabathi.

Sebenza ngesibalo zezitshalo ezintathu

emasimini, Isibonelo Ummbila (udla

kakhulu)ushintshaniswa nexhuba yezitshalo

eziyisembozo njengo (sunnhemp, amabele,

kanye no jika nelanga (ezidla kancane) nazo

ezishintshwaa ngezitshalo ezinemidumba

ezifana no bhontshisi, izidumba kanye nolab

lab. Sebenza ngeztshalo ezintathu kuya

kwezine uma ukhiqiza imifino. Enye indlela

ulandelanisa embhedeni izithelo,

okunamacembe, izimpande,nokusamdumb

5.4 IZINDLELA ZEMVELO ZOKULAWULA IZINAMBUZANE NEZIFO

Izindlela zemvelo zkulawula izinambuzane nezifo engadini yasekhaya yokukhiqiza okudla

zibandakanya lezindlela ezine ezilandelayos:

¾.Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho womhlabathi, impilo yomhlabathi kanye zinga lomhlabathi

lokubamba amanzi ukuze kukhiqizwe izitshalo ezikhangayo ezinempilo, kususelwa ekutheni

izitshalo ezingena mpilo yizo esisemathubeni okuhlaselwa izifo nezinambuzane

¾Ukuxuba izitshalo nokugcina ingadi ihlanzekile ukunciphisa ukugcwala kwezinambuzane

kanye nezifo ezijwayele ukuba kona uma kutshalwe isitshalo ngsasisodwa, knajalo nathuba

okutheleleka kuphindelela ngosusa izitshalo ezihlaselekile ngendlela ephephile. Kuphinde

kuqhuqhuzelwe nokukhona belwane ezidla izinambuzane eziluhlupho kanye nezinyosi ezidla

izinambuzane ezijwayelikile zasezingadini.

¾;Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ezinomsebenzi eminingi, ezishayo nezingashi, kufakwe nezitshalo

ezikwazi ukuqhelisa izinambuzane nezikwazi ukuzilawula. Lokhu kufaka izibonelo ezinjenge:

oIzimbali marigold kanye ne calendula

oAmakhambi/ Izinongo lavender, rosemary, coriander, parsley, thyme, fennel, basil,

rocket, lemon grass kanye ne garlic chives

oEzilaphayo ezifana nomhlonyane kanye ne bulbinella, inhlaba, comfrey, imbati

oIzihlahla ezinedumba ezifana ne sesbania sesban, i-moringa, i-pigeon pea kanye ne

Acacia

¾Ukwenza izinxube ezikwazi ukuqhelisa izinambuzane kanye nezifo. Lapha kusethseziswa

izinto zasendlini ezijwayelekile ezifana nopelepele, ugarlic, anyanisi, insipho elihlaza(ubulala

kakhulu izinambuzane ezinemizimba ethambile), uparrafini kanye no anyansi(okulawula

kakhulu izinambuzane ezinemizimba eqinile, kanye nogwayi ukulwisana nezinamabuzane

esezihluphile zasabalala kakhulu. Kepha zikhona futhi nezinye izindlela.

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini, nasemasimini

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha, esukela ku 0.1 ha kuya ku 1 ha

-Izindleko ziphansi, izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

- Inomsebenzi omncane kuya kophakathi, idinga ulwazi

Indlela ehlanganisile yokunakekela ingadi, ukuphathwa kwamamanzi nomhlabathi,

izitshalo ezihlukahlukene, izitshalo ezishayo nezingashi zixutshiwe ndawonye

Izilwane ezilawula izinambuzane

ngokuzidla noma ukubekela amaqanda

Umbelliferae – njengo anyanisi kanye

nama leek akwazi ukuhheha izilwane

ezidla izinambuzane

iIzinxube zokulawula izinambuzane- inxube yensipho,

pelepele, kanye no garlic- izilwanyana ezinemizimba

ethambile, inxube yaparraffin no anyanisi- ukulawula

izinambuzane ezinemizimba e

inile

Marigold uvikela ezifweni ezithikameza ukukhula kwezimpande

U- Garlic – Isibonelo

Indlela

Qoba izigaxa zibe ncane(izigaxa esikhulu esisodwa zibe mbili eziphakatho ngobukhulu) ugcwilise

emafutheni aliningana namateaspoon amabili usuku olulodwa noma izinsuku ezimbili kuphalafini.

Sebenzisa ujeke oyingilozi ayi ithayela.Xhuba namanzi anensipho angangohhafu welitha ebese

eyasefa. Xhuba unxenye eyodwa yenxube emanzini ayizinxenye eziyishumi (1:10) ebese uyafutha.

Xhukuza ngokwanele ngaphambi kokuba usebenzisa

Okuhlosiwe

lzinambuzane ezijwayelekile: mosquitoes, cotton stainers, aphids, flies, army worms, ticks, ants,

beetles, caterpillars, diamondback moths, false codling moths, grubs, mites, peach borers and

termites.

Fungi: Scab, mildew, bean rust and tomato blight.

Alternaria - fruit rot, early blight, purple blotch, leaf spot.

Cercospora - leaf mould, leaf spot, early blight, frog-eye.

Colletotrichurn - leaf spot, anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge.

Bacteria: Xanthomonas spp.

Uvemvane ezigabeni zalo

zokukhula

Izi

axa za

arlic

Isifo esiba kuma strawberry esidalwa

Xanthomonas campestris

Izinkomba ze Anthracnose edalwa

Collectotrichum ezitshalweni zondeni watamatisi

5.5 IZINDLELA EZIHLANGANISILE ZOKULAWULA UKHULA

Ukhula izitshalo ezikhula unyaka owodwa noma ezikhula

ezikhathi eside ngale kokuphazamiseka, ziphinde zikhule

ngamandla emasimini nasezingandini, luphinde luncintisane

nezitshalo ngemisoco, indawo kanye namanzi

Izinhlobo ezihlukene zomhlabathi kanye nesimo sezulu, izindlela

zokutshala kanye nezindlela zokulawula ukhula zivamise izona

ezilawula ukuthi iluphi ukhula olunamandla kulezindawo.

Izibonelo, zifaka inqonqodwane kanye nonqhunga oluthanda

izindawo ezinombumba oluningi, lezizitshalo zingakwazi

ukugcwala yonke indawo uma ukulalulwa kukhula kuwukusuza

okukhula ngaphezulu kuphela, lokhu esikwenza ngegeja. Ukhula

lwanda kakhulu ngezigaxa eziba ngaphansi komhlabathi

Ukhula olunolaka olukhula minyaka yonke njengocadolo knaye

nembuya luvala kakhulu uma ukhula olugcinile lungakhishwanga, njengiba imbewu yazo ishesha

okukhiqizeka iphinde ibekezelele izikhathi ezinde ezingena mvula

Izindlela ezihlanganisile zokulawula ukhula zifaka izinto

ezahlukahlukene ezifana nokuthuthukiswa kokwakheka

komhlabathu nempilo yayo, ukwemboza, izitshalo eziyizembozo,

ukulamanisa izitshalo, kanye nokutshalo usondelanise. Kuphinde

kufake nezindlela ezisebenza nemishini kanye nemithi ukulawula

ukhulula. Kwenza ikhopmposi nakho kuyalugqilaza ukhula uma

kwenziwe ngendlela efanele, lokhu kuphinde kunciphise izinga

lembewu yokhula egcwele kwemvelo. Ukulawulwa kokhula

sekuhambe iskhashana kutshaliwe kusiza ukunciphiseni imbewu

yokhula oluvela minyaka yonke nokuyinto ebalulekile ekumele

yenziwe.

Ukwenza

- Izingadi, amasimu

-Izindawo zingaohansi kuka 0.1 ha indawo esukela ku 0.1 ha kuya ku 1 ha

-, Izindleko eziphansi, izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

-kunomsebenzi ongemuningi kakhulu, kudingeka ulwazi oluningi

Insimu ehlaselwe inqonqondwane ngenxa

yokuphindelela kuhlakulwa ngegeja kushaywa

ngaphezulu

Indima exhutshwe ummbila nobhontshisi,

lapha ukhula sevale yonke indima luhlula

iztshalo

Ikhomposi iyakwazi ukubulala imbewu kanti iyindlela enhle

yokubheka umqhuba ngaohambi kokuthi usebenze njengoba

ikhom

osi ikhu

hula izin

a lemisoco etholakala em

ubeni

ukutshala usondelanise lapho oxube khoba izitshalo ukuze

uzivikele ekuqilazweni ukhula, ngakwesokunxele ummbila

ongahlakulelwanga kwesokudla indima exube izitshalo yase

izisondelanisa eyatshalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kepha kube

kuhlakulwa n

endlela efana

Dock (ngezansi izikhomba zomhlabathi onesimuncwane,

amaranthus (ngenhla kwesokunxele) umhlabathi ovundile kepha

ongakhekile kahle kanjalo nocadolo (ngenhla kwesokudla) udla

imisoco izitshaloezinngakwazi ukuyithola.

Inqoqnqodwane iyizinkomba zokushoda komoya emhlbathini,

enxa

oku

isheka nokun

akheki kahle kwawo umhlabathi

5.6 NURSERIES AND PROPAGATION

Ama nusery amancane akhiwe emnakhaya ukuze kukhiqizwe izitshalo (izithelo, izinongo kanye

nemfino) kanye nezinye izitshalo ezinemisebenzi eyahlukahlukene (ezilaphayo kanye nezi llwawulwa

iziilwanyana ezingadingeki) kususelwa ezimmbewini ngokuhlukana kwazo kubalulekile ukuze ingadi

ibe nezenhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Akudingi uze ubenemishini esezingeni eliphezulu ngaphandle

nomhlabathi, nokusamhlabathi okuzotshalelwa kukho, izikhwama zokutshala kanye nezitsha

zokukhulisa izithombo ezingabekwa ngaphansi kwehlahla esinomthunzi ekhaya.

Imibhede yezithombo yenziwa ijule okusukela ku30cm kuya ku 60 cm ebese ifakwa okubolayo

okufana nekhomposi nomquba, kumele ibe sendaweni enethunzi ukuze imbewu ihlale

iswakeme(kepha ingabi manzi) ngalesikhathi kumele iqhume iqhale nokukhula. Ama nursery

asebenzisa izithombo ezisheshayo adinga okuphathwa okusezingeni kanti futhi kunzima uzenza

lezitombo uma ungenazo izinsiza zazo. Kungono kanti futhi kulula ukuzikhulisela ezakho izithombo

ebese uyazikhipha uzifae lapho ofisa khona uma sezilungile

Ukwenza

- Ezingandini

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1ha

-Izindleko eziphakathi(imbwu, izitshalo, kanye nezitsha) izinsiza zitholakala endaweno

- Anomsebenzi omningi

Ukukhiqizwa kwezithombo imbhedeni efakwe ikhomposi yaphinde

yambozwa ngopulasitiki ukuze kuvikeleke izithombo

Izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngamanethu ukuze

kukhiqizwe imifini kanye nakhambi(iziningo) Nezindishi

zingasebenziswa, kulula

ukugudluza uphinde

uzinakekele

Ummoba kanye nommango okhiqizelwa

emhlbathini kuma nursery amancane

Amanursery amancane enziwe phansi

kwezihlahla ukuze kukhiqizwe izithelo. Izihlahla

ezinemsebenzi eyahlukahlukene kanye nezihlahla

ezincanenamakhambi. Lapha zibona umango

kanye nemoringa itshaliwe

5.7 UKONGIWA KWEMBEWU

Ukongiwa kwembewu kuyindlela abalimi abalimi abayisebenzizayo kepha eya ngokwehla. Imbewu

igcinwa unyaka nonyaka kepha ngenxa yobunzima bezimo ezilima ngaphansi kwazo abantu abaningi

babika ukullahlekelwa imbewu eningi okumele ngabe bayigcinile. Liyangokunyka inani labalimi

bathenga izimbewu ebese begcina izimbewu uma sekuvuniwe, okuchaza ukwehla kwezinga

lokutholakala kwembewu yezitshalo zomdabu. Ukongiwa kwembewu indlela ebalulekile yokuvikela

izimbewu zezitshalo zomdabu njengoba abalimi bakhetha izimbewu ezimpova evulekile (sezizulu)

kunalezo zesilungu, ezikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu, izinambuzane kanye nezifo ezihlasela

ezindaweni ebazakhele.

Izinto okumele sizigcine emqondweni uma songa izimbewu ilezi ezingezansi:

¾Kubalulekile ukuququzela izilwanyana ezifafaza impova ngokutshala izinhlobonhlobo

zezitshalo eziifaka izimbali uphinde ugcine ingadi kanye namasimu enezitshalo eziningi

izihlukene ukuze kugcne nesidingo sokusebenzisa izibulala zinambuzane.

¾Gcinaimbewu evela ezitshalweni ezikhombisa impilo kuphela, ungalinge ugcine imbewu

ezivela ezitshalweni ezinezikhomba zokungakhuli kahle.

¾Ketha izitshalo esiyisithuoha kuya kwezingama shumi amabili nane (6-24) ozogcna imbewu

yazo

¾Ungalinge ugcine imbewu evela ezitshalweni ezinezifo

¾Imbewu kumele kube eseyikulungele ukuvunwa, yomela ezitshalweni isikhathi esifanele

kanye

¾Nezitshalo okulula ukuthi zithengane kumele ziqhelelaniswe(izibonelo, okusamfino kanye no

mmbila, upepper kanye no pelepele, amathanga kanye no lettuce) ngokwendawo, iskhathi

noma zifakwe ema khejini

Ukwenza

- Emasimini nasezingadini

- Indawo engaohansi kuka 0.1 ha, esukela ku0.1ha kuya ku 1 ha nezindawo ezingaphezulu

kuka 2 ha

-Izindleko ziphansi, ziyatholakala endaweni

- Kulula ukwenza nokunakekela, kepha idinga umsebenzi kanye nolwazi oluthe thuthu

pollinationIngadi ekhiqiza izithombo, enesakhiwo sekheji,

lapho isitshalo ngasinye zibalelwa esithupheni kuya

emashumini amabili nane ukuze kugcinwe imbew- izitshalo

ezinemndeni ehlukene zitshalwa ngandawonye ukunciphisa

izinga lokuthengana

Ukufafazwa kwempova ngezandla

emmbileni okuzokhethwa kuwo

imbewu

izitshalo sikapelepele esifakwe ekhijini

ukugcina immbewu iyiyo

ingathengwanga ezinye.

Izimbali nezitshalo ezikhuthaza

ukufafazwa kwempova yizinyosi,ama-

hornets kanye namavemvane

Izilwanyana

ezifafaza

impova

ziyazithanda

izimbali

ezihlukahluke

5.7.1 SEED PROCESSING KANYE NOKUBEKWA

.Ngaphezu kwakho konke imbewu idinga ukuphola, ubomnyama, kanye nokoma ukuze ihlale

izisimweni iskhathi eside. Uma imbewu ibekwa endawenu enesifudumezi nokushisa, iyashesha

ukulahlekelwa amandla ayo okuqhuma. Ngezansiimiboo ebalulekile mayelana nokubekeka kahle

kwembewu

¾Isifudumezi, imbewu izomunca umswakamo emoyeni. Imbewu indinga ukubekwa endaweni

enomsawkamo ongaphansi kuka 10%, eyomile engangenwa umoya

¾Avoid plastic packets and containers Kwema opulasitiki kanye nezitsha ezakhiwe ngawo.

¾Ukukhanya kuncphisa impilo yembewu, imbewu kumele igcinwe emabhodlelno emnyama

kumbe indlini emunyama. Kudingeka kuhlale kumnyama.

¾Amazinga okushisa nokubanda, imbewu ihlala iskhathi eside uma ihlei endaweni ebandayo

kepha eyiqwa. Imbweu yezitshalo ezifana no cucumber, kanye no yamatisi ziyambozwa

ngento esa jelly evimbela mbewu ukuba iqhume. Lo jelly kumele ususwe ngaphambi kokuba

imbewu ibekwe kanye nokuqhuma kwayo. Ujelly uyavutshelwa ngokuhlakaniswa namanzi

noshukela kugezweimbewu ebese iyomiswa.

¾Ukuquba ukomiswa kwembewu ungasebenza isilica gel

¾Ukugcinwa ngomlotha, ukelika kanye amacemebe omile agxotshiwe ezinye izitshalo

ezinjenege nhlaba kuyakhuthazwa ukugwema omonakalo ongenziwa izilwanyana zihlasela

uuma imbewu isibekiwe.

Ukusebenziswa kuka silica

ukumunca amanzi embewini

kanye nomlotha

okusebenziswa uma kubekwa

imbewu esiyomisiwe

Indlela yokubekwa kwembewu ekhaya

usebenzisa amashalofu, amaphakethe

amaphepha kanye nojeke

aban

amabhodlela

Gcina imbeweu ezitsheni ezingamabhodlela

Ukuvutshelwa kwatamatisi kanye ne gooseberry ukuze

kubekwe imbewu i

hinde ikwazi uku

huma kahle

Gcina imbewu endawni epholile, eyomile

futhi emnyama

Impilo

yembewu

iyaphindaphindek

a uma amaznga

okushisa

nokubanda

ezokwehliswa

Uma izinga

lomswakamo

lehla ngo 1%

impilo yebewu

iyaphinda

phindeka

5.8 UKUKHIQIZWA KWEZITHELO

Ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo ezahlukahlekene ekhaya, ezizovuthwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene zonyaka

kubaluleke ngokuthi ubenezinhlobonlobo zezithelo

uphinde ukwazi nokumelena nezimo ngohlukana kwazo.

Izithelo ungakwazi ukuzikhiqiza ususela embewini, kanye

namagatsha asikiwe, izimpande kanye nezisthelo uqobo.

Izihlahla zezithelo kumele zitshale inhlabathini ejulile

evundile ziphinde zidinge nokuniselwa ikakhulukazi

umazisencane. Zidinga ukuvikela zingalimazwa umoya

ziphinde zisuselwa amagaya ebusika ( amapetsisi,

amaplamusi kanye nama aphula) ukuze zizokwazi

ukukhipha izithelo (izihlahla izihlae ziluhlaza njengezo

mango nokwatapheya) Izindlea zemvelo zingasebenziswa

ukulawula izinambuzane ezifana ne nezimpukane zizthelo,

izintuthane, aphids kanye nama scale) kanye nezifo.

Izinhlobo ezihlukene zezithelo zenza kahle ezindaweni

ezihlukene. Ikakhulu, lezi izindinga ubusika obubandayo

(sub tropical fruit) njema aphula, amapheya,

amaplamusi,amapetsisi kanye nelezi zingakwazi ukubekezelela ubusika obubandayo njengo bana,

mango, ukwatapheya kanye nama litchi. Okusa olintshi kukwazi ukumela nezimo zokushisa

nokubanda ezihlukahlukene, kepha kumele zinisekele kahle

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini noma engadini yezithelo

-Indawo engaohansi kuka 0.1 ha indawo esukela ku 0.1 ha kuya ku 1 ha kanye enzindawo

ezingaphezulu kuka 1 ha.

-Izindleko eziphakathi (imbewu nezitshalo) izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

-Inomsebenzi kuphinde kudingeke ulwazi

Izindlela zemvelo ezifana ne pyrethrum, mineral oil,

lime sulpur. Ukusebezniswa kwapowder

wezimpande uma kukhiwa amagaya okutshalwa

Ukuniselwa kwezihlahla

zama orange, ezindishini

ezibamba amanzi

Utamatisi wesihlahla okhiqizwe kususelwa embewini

uba nomsoco uVit C omningi uphinde uthele phakathi

kuka March kuya ku May ngesikhathi sezinincipha

ezinye izithelo

Ukukhiqizwa kususelwa embewini kwa;

granadilla, kwatapheya, umango,

gooseberries,kanye no tamatisi

wesihlahla

Ukusebenza kwemibundu kanye

nezindishi ukuseenzsa amanzi

emvula ezihlahleni.

Indela yase khaya yokubamba

izinambuzane izhlasela

izihlahlazezithelo ezifana nepukane

yezithelo eyinziwa ngokufaka ama

rrinag noshukela emanzini

Ukutshalwa kwezihlahla imigodini ejulile

egcwaliswe ngekomposi kwaze kuba

nesakiwo esisandishi sokubamba

amanzi uma kuniselwa sase sembozwa

5.9 ORGANIC MANGO PRODUCTION

.Umango uyabekezela wenza kahle ezindaweni ezinobusika obuphakathi nase zindaweni

ezifudumele kuya kweshisa kakhulu ehlobo. Kukhona nezhlobo zikamango ezikhulula endle

ezingakwazi ukukhuliswa kususelwa embewini. Izinhlobo zesimanje zikhuliselwa ukuba nkulu, zibe

noshukela omningi zingabi nezintambo

ngokushikwa kwenxenye yamagatsha

elumbaniswa nenxenye yokusazi mpande

okuphilile okungenazimpawu zokungaphili.

Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka keit, kent,

shelley kanye ne tommy atkins. Lezizinhlobo

zidayoswa njengezithelo, amajuzi kanye no

mango owomisiwe nezikhumba zikamango

Ngezansi izindlela ezimbalwa zokuzikhulisela

umango:

-Enza ikhomposi okungenani

izinyanga ezine kuya kweziyisithupha

ngaphambi kokuba utshale

-Ukusthalwa kwezihlahla ezisanda

kutholakala entwasa hlobo emigodini

engu 60 cm* 60 cm egcwaliswe

ikhomposi, inhlabathi kanye nokelika

noma ibone meal. Akha indishi

yokunisela uzungeze isihlahla ebese uyamboza

-Ikhoposi ifakwa minyaka yonke, emva kokuthi isihlahla sithele

-Ukususelwa kwesihlahla amagaya kweniwa minyaka yonkeemva kokuthi isishlahla sesithelile,

ukuze isihlahla zivuleleke nezithelo zikwazi ukuthola ilanga kanti

- Nezihlahla ezisencane zidinga amanzi angango 20 l- 40 l ngesonto.

Okudingayo

-Imvula engaphezulu kuka 350 mmngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka >5°C

- Ubume bendawo- indawo ezinzile

-Umhlabathi : noma onjani

-Ukunisela- uyadinga ukuba namanzi okunisela

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini, Ezingadini zezithelo

-Indawo engaphanzi kuka 0.1 ha indawo esukela ku 0.1ha kuya ku 1 ha.

-Izindleko eziphakathi, izinsiza ezithola ngaphandle kwazendaweni nangaohakathi endaweni,

nokutholakala kwezihlobo ezintsha

-Kulula okunakekela nakuba kudingeka ikhono nolwazi

Ukwengezwa ngokubungakho ngokwenza ama juzi, nokomiswa kuka

mango

Isihlahla sika mango esisikelwa amagaya

esesinezikhomba sokukhula okusha,

ikhomposi ifakwe endishi yokunisela kwase

kwembozwa

Ingadi yesithelo yomlimi omcane

endaweni yase Limpopo, lapho uphaathi

wengadi ezithelo eyihlola

Ukusikwa kwamagaya, ukufakwa

kwekhomposi kanye nokunisela

okwenziwe esihlahleni esidala sika

mango ukuze siphinde sikwazi

ukukhi

ize futhi.

6 UKUBANDAKANYWAKWEMFUYO

Lezi izindlela zokuphathwa kwemfuyo ezingenelela ezitshalweni noma eziyi nxenye yokuzama

ukuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwemfuyo kanye nokwezitshalo ukuze kukwazi ukusebenzisana. Lapha

zisobheka izindlela ezingasi siza sikhuphule siphinde siphucule ukudla kwemfuyo kanye nezinhlobo

ezahlukene zokudla kwemfuyo

6.1 EZOLIMO EZIBADNAKANYA EZAMAHLATHI

Izihlahla zixhutshwa emasimini ngezindlela eziningi okungaba okutshalwa zodwa, , noma zitshalwe

phakathi kwezitshalo ezikhula minyaka yonke( ngokujwayelekile zivame ukuba imihhube phakathi

kwezitshalo). Izinhlobo zezihlahla eziwukudla kwemfuyo njenge pigeon pea- (udali), acacia

species(umhlalankwazi), Sesbani, sesbani (umsokoko), Moringa olifeara kanye ne leauceana spp

zonke zijwayekile

Okudingayo

-Imvula engahezulu kuka 350 mmm ngonyaka

-Amazinga okushisa nokubanda angaphezulu kuka 5°C

-Ubume bendawo: 1,5-15%

-Zonke izinhlobo

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini nasemasimini

- Indawo engaphnasi kuka 0.1 ha indawo esukela kuc0.1h akuya ku 1ha nendawo engaphezulu kuka 2

-Izindleko eziphakathi (imbewu/ okutshala) izinsika zitholakala endaweni

- Kunomsebenzi

Izimbuzi zidla lapho kusthalwe khona udali

izihlahla zemorin

a zitshalwe zalandelana ensimini Leaucena tshalwe sa heshi ensimini etshalwe

ubhontshisi (ngapahmbili) knaye nommbila (ngemuva)

Isihlahla sika sesbania sikhula n

o hesho ensimini

Izibonelo zokutshalwa kwezihlahla ngezihlehla ezihlukene

endaweni onayo

6.2 EZOLIMO EZIBANDAKANYA (IZIHLAHLA, IZITSHALO KANYE NOTSHANI NDAWONYE)

Lendlela ibandakanya ukusebenziswa kwezolimo oluxhutshwe nezamahlathi kanye nezolimo,

fukakwa izitshalo kanye nezihlahla zezithelo ngenhloso yokukhuphula ozokuzuza endaweni onayo.

Izindlela zokwenza ezitholakala kule ndlela yokwenza ilezi:

-iAlley cropping- lapho kutshalwa izitshalo esizakhuni njengohheshi okanye izinhlobo

zezitshalo phakathi nednadwo nezi tshalo ezitshalwe sahheshi

-Ukuphucula izinga noma kungatshaliwe- izitshalo ezisakhuni ziyatshalwa bese zishiywa uma

ngabe sekungasatshaliwe. Lezi zisthalo ezisakhuni yizo eziphucula izinga lomnotho

emmhlabathini ziphinde zikhuphule nezinga lokubammbeka kwamanzi.

-Ezingadini esisemakhaya, izihlahla ezisondelene ezihiyanayo ngobude zitshalwa zizungeze

ikhaya ezinemisebenzi eyahlukene ebandakanya ithunzi, amakhambi, izithelo, kanye nokudla

kwefuyo

-Izihlahla ezinemisebenzi eminingi endaweni etshaliwe:izihlahla eziqaqene noma eziqoqelene

ndawonye ukuze zime ngendlela ethile ezindaweni ezizungezile zoma ezivulekile. Lezi

zihlahla zikhethwa ngokufaka kwazo isikhuthazi kanye nokuletha izithelo, izinkuni zokubasa

kanye nokudla kwemfuyo

Ukwenza

- Ezingadini, emasimini, nemfuyo

- Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha, indawo ephakathi kuka 0.1 ha kuya ku 1ha indawo

engaphezulu kuka 1 ha

-Izindleko eziphakathi (imbewu nezitshalo) izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

- Udinga ulwazi kanti iyasebenzisa

Izihlahla ezincane ezinemidumba

ezitshalwe emadlelweni ukuze imfuyo

ikwazi ukudla

Amadlelo atshalwe phakathi nezihlahal

engadini yezihlahla zama kinati ukuze

imfuyo ikwazi ukudla iphinde ithola

nethunzi

Indlela ephucukile yokulalisa insimu-

udali otshalwe unyaka owodwa

kwase kwangatshalwa lutho emuva

kwawo

Ummbila utshalwe emuva

kweminyaka emibili kwakukade

kutshalwe udali

Utshani bohlobo isesbania sesban-

butshalwe ngohlelo lwe Alley

cropping endawweni yakwa

KwaZulu NAtala

Ingadi yasekhaya endaweni yakwa

Mhlabuyalingana,, KwaZulu Natal:

Inxube yezihlahla zezithelo,, imifino

kanye nezitshalo

6.3 UKULUNGISELELA AMANKONYANA UKUKHUNYULWA KONINA KANYE NOKWENGEZA UKUDLA

Ukwengezwa kokudla indlela ebalulekile ekuphathweni kwefuyo esebenziselwa ukunikiza imfuyo

imisoco eyidingayo amadlelo angasenayo. Loku kubaluleke kakhulu ebusika, lapho sekushoda khona

ukudla emadlelweni noma madlelo esengena msoco. Izindlela zokwengeza ukudla ilezi

-Ukudla okunesakhamzimba iprotein iziwukudla okanye amanzi njenge Voermol Premix 450

(esampuphu) kanye ne LS 33 (engamanzi)

-Okusanhlamvu kanye nembewu njengo mmbila ogqakaaaziwe, amabele njalo njalo

-Izitini zimisoco kanye nezakhamzimba zemfuyo

Ukwengeza kungaphinde kube ngendlela yokutshalwa kotshani obungu kula kwemfuyo. Lokhu kufaka

ukukhuliswa kwezitshalo ezinomspco ongaphezulu kwalowo ukungaba ukhona ngalesosikhathi. Iningi

lalezitshalo litshalelwa ukunikeza ukudla okuseluhlaza ngasekupheleni kobusika. Izibonelo zifaka:

Lucerne, fodder rye, black saia oats, vetch, teff, fodder radish, Japanese radish, kale, turnips.

Izinhlobo zotshani ezingashi noma ngabe isebusika zifaja ukikuyu, kanye ne tall fescue nayo

iwumqondo omuhle

Ukuphakela kancane kancane kuyindlela elula yokuphatha imfuyo yakho ikhakhlu amankonyane

ukuze athole ukudle ngokungena mkhawulo ngalesikhathi esancela. Amankonyane athola lokhu

kudla ngokuncusha phansi kocingo oluvulekile noma isango elivuleke ngokwanele ukuthi

amankonyane akawazi ukudla kepha amabe mancane ezinkomeni ezincane zingakwazi ukungena

Ukwenza

- Imfuyo

-Indawo engaphansi kuka 0.1 ha noma indawo esukela ku 0.1 ha kuya ku 1 ha

-Izindleko ziphakathi, izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

-inde udinge nolwazi

Ukudla kwemfuyo okwenziwe ngamacembe

sesbania eyomisiwe, agqotshwa kwafakwa

umgqakazo wommbila kanye nosawoti

.Isibonelo sendlela yokuphakela amankonyana

ema

ulazini amakhuluse cree

feeder

anese radish

Izitshalo okwendulelliswe ngazo ivetch kanye ne saia oats lapho

kutshalwe khona ummbila ukuze imfuyo ithole ukudla kwasebusika

LS 33 and

remix 450

Izitini zokudla kwemfuyo zokuzenzela ezifakwe imolasses,

urea protein meal, isakamzimba esingu phosphorus,

amamanziucemente omncane kanyenosawoti

6.4. Ukuphakelwa kwemfuyo ezibayeni nokwenziwa kwamabhele

Lendlela iyindlela yokusika nokubbhekwa kotshani ukuze kuphakelwe imfuyo lapho edlela khona

kungaba isezibayeni noma ama stalls, lokhu kunciphisa umonakala okungenzeka wenziwe infuyo

emasimini kuphinde kuqinisekise ukuthi imfuyo zithola ukudla ezikudingayo

Utshani buyomiswa ukuze

kuphakelwe imfuyo lokhu

kungenziwa ngenkotha, utshani

obuthile obuna nolucerne,

izindumba, uteff noma izinsalela

zezitshalo. Ambhele osthani

angenziwa emahaya kusebenziswa

umshini osebenza ngezandla

owenza amabhele. Olungele abalimi

basebancane

Ukwenza

- LivestockImfuyo

-Indawo esukela ku 0.1 ha kuya ku 1 ha nenzindawo ezingaphezulu kuka 1 ha

-Izindleko eziphakathi, izinsiza zitholakala endaweni

-Labour and knowledge intensi Udinga ulwazi, kuyasebenzisa

Ibhele laLucerne Ibhele lika Eragrostis Teff

Umshini wezandla wokwenza amabhele, bebhele lenkotha eliziwe n

awo lomshini

SUkuphakelwa kwemfuyo ezibayeni

Okusamdumba: Izinhlanga zika

ndumbanjane

Izinhlanga zommbila

6.5UKUSHINTSHANISA AMADLELO

Ukudliwa njalo kosthani obumnandi imfuyo kubenza bubentekenteke kuphinde kwenze ukuthi inkotha

okuyiyo engalungele ukudliwa imfuyo kube iyo eningi. Ukuze amadlelo akwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla

okudingwa imfuyo kubalulekile ukuthi

enye inxenye iphunyuzwe ngesikhathi

kudliwa ngalowonyaka. Lokhu kwenza

ukuthi izitshalo zatshani zikwazi ukugcina

imisoco ezimpandeni zazo okwenza

utshani bube nomsoco omuningi

Kungakuhle ukuthi inxenye eyodwa

kwezine iphunyuze njalo emva

kweminyaka emine. Kubalulekile ukuthi

abanikazi bemfuyo basebenzisane

ukwakakha indlela yokuphumuza

amadlelo ngoshintshana kwawo

Ukwenza

- Imfuyo

-Indawo engaphezulu kuka 1ha

- Izindleko eziphakathi, izinsiza

zitholakala endaweni

-Udinga ulwazi kanti kunomsebenzi uthe ukuba mningana

Inkotha yasemadlelweni edliwe khakhulu ebinakala ngokuthi yonke

ibemfushane, nobufakai bokuguguleka (ekuqaleni kwesikhsthi

sokutshala)

Inkotha ephatheke kahle, enotshani obubomvu bo hlobo

lwethemeda triandral) ukukhombiswa imbova enombala

obuvu. Utshani busabalele kahle kanti futhi buhlukahlukene