Farmer handouts (isiXhosa) | Mahlathini Development Foundation

CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRICULTURE: PRACTICES FOR

SMALLHOLDER FARMERS VOLUME 2 PART 6

FARMER HANDOUTS: ISIXHOSA

TT 841/7/20

Climate Resilient Agriculture:

Practices for Smallholder Farmers

Volume 2 Part 6

Farmer Handouts: isiXhosa

E Kruger, MC Dlamini, T Mathebula, P Ngcobo, BT Maimela &S Ntonta

Report to the

Water Research Commission

Mahlathini Development Foundation

WRC Report No. TT 841/7/20

February 2021

Obtainable from

Water Research Commission

Private Bag X03

Gezina, 0031

orders@wrc.org.za or download from www.wrc.org.za or www.mahlathini.org

The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled Collaborative knowledge creation and mediation

strategies for the dissemination of Water and Soil Conservation practices and Climate Smart Agriculture in

smallholder farming systems. (WRC Project No.K5/2719/4)

This report forms part of a series of 9 reports. The reports are:

Volume 1: Climate Change Adaptation for smallholder farmers in South Africa. An implementation and

decision support guide. Summary report. (WRC Report No. TT 841/1/20)

Volume 2 Part 1: Community Climate Change Adaptation facilitation: A manual for facilitation of Climate

Resilient Agriculture for smallholder farmers. (WRC Report No. TT 841/2/20)

Volume 2 Part 2: Climate Resilient Agriculture. An implementation and support guide: Intensive homestead

food production practices. (WRC Report No. TT 841/3/20)

Volume 2 Part 3: Climate Resilient Agriculture. An implementation and support guide: Local, group-based

access to water for household food production. (WRC Report No. TT 841/4/20)

Volume 2 Part 4: Climate Resilient Agriculture. An implementation and support guide: Field cropping and

livestock integration practices. (WRC Report No. TT 841/5/20)

Volume 2 Part 5: Climate Resilient Agriculture learning materials for smallholder farmers in English. (WRC

Report No. TT 841/6/20)

Volume 2 Part 6: Climate Resilient Agriculture learning materials for smallholder farmers in isiXhosa. (WRC

Report No. TT 841/7/20)

Volume 2 Part 7: Climate Resilient Agriculture learning materials for smallholder farmers in isiZulu. (WRC

Report No. TT 841/8/20)

Volume 2 Part 8: Climate Resilient Agriculture learning materials for smallholder farmers in Sepedi. (WRC

Report No. TT 841/9/20)

DISCLAIMER

This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication.

Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does

mention of trade names or commercial productsconstitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

ISBN 978-0-6392-0233-4

Printed in the Republic of South Africa

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following individuals and organisations deserve acknowledgement for their invaluable contributions and

support to this project:

Chris Stimie (Rural Integrated Engineering – RIEng)

Dr Brigid Letty and Jon McCosh (Institute of Natural Resources – INR)

Nqe Dlamini (StratAct)

Catherine van den Hoof (Researcher)

Dr Sharon Pollard, Ancois de Villiers, Bigboy Mkabela and Derick du Toit (Association for Water and Rural

Development)

Hendrik Smith (GrainSA)

Marna de Lange (Socio-Technical Interfacing)

Matthew Evans (Web developer)

MDF interns and students: Khethiwe Mthethwa, Samukhelisiwe Mkhize, Sylvester Selala, Palesa Motaung

and Sanelise Tafa

MDF board members: Timothy Houghton and Desiree Manicom

PROJECT FUNDED BY

REFERENCE GROUP MEMBERS

Prof S Mpandeli Water Research Commission

Dr S Hlophe-Ginindza Water Research Commission

Dr L NhamoWater Research Commission

Dr O CrespoUniversity of Cape Town

Dr A Manson KZN Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

Prof S WalkerAgricultural Research Council

Prof CJ Rautenbach Previously of WeatherSA

COLLABORATING ORGANISATIONS

https://inr.org.za/https://award.org.za/https://amanziforfood.co.za/

https://foodtunnel.co.za/http://www.rieng.co.za/

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Uhlelo Lwezolimo Olulungiseselwe ukomelela

Nokumelana Noguquguquko Lwesizo Sezulu:

Lulungiselelwe Abalimi Abasakhasayo

1 LUYINTONI OLUHLELO LWE-ZOLIMO OLULUNGISELELWE UKUMELANA NESIMOSEZULU

(CRA)

Uhlelo lokumelana noguquguquko lwesimo sezulu lulungiselelwe uzinzo, ukuphuhlisa/ukunyusela

ngokuthe xaxa imveliso kunye nengeniso kwezolimo, kuhambisana nokuziqhelanisa neengqubo

mgomo ekuqhubeni kohlelo lwethu lwezolimo ngaphansi kwemeko ezitshintshileyo kanye

nokuqinisekisa ukuba iindlela zethu zolimo zinobudlelwane obuhle nendalo/imvelo. Oku kumalunga

nokwenza iinguquko malunga neendlela esilima ngazo ekutshintsheni iindawo ezisingqongileyo

okukukuphucula ukwazi kwethu kanye namandla endalo esingqongileyo ukuze sonke sikwazi

ukumelana nezinguqunguquko

Ugxininiso lukwinqanaba labalimini mveliso basemakhaya, okanye abakhasayo. Oluhlelo Lwe-Zolimo

olulungiselelwe ukumelana nesimosezulu luneenjongo zokuphuhlisa kwimiba yesivuno, imfuyo kwaye

nolawulo lwamadlelo; ulawulo lwezixhobo zemveliso, kanye-kanye nolawuleko lwamanzi nomhlaba

njengoba kubonisiwe emfanekisweni ongezantsi.

Umfanekiso wokuqala: uphunyezo lohlelo olulungiseselwe ukomelela Nokumelana Noguquguquko Lwesizo Sezulu

oluhlanganiswe kumacandelo onke kwinqanaba lwemizi

(adapted from Arslan, 2014)

Kunoluhlu lweendlela zonkwenza oluhlelo lwezolimo ezingaba luncedo. Uluvo lwethu kukuba sizame

ezindlela zokwenza ezizofaneleka ukuncedisana nathi, apho sihlala khona futhi siphinde sizithelekise

kunye nezo ebesifudula sizenza, ukuze siqaphele umahluko kwaye sikwazi ukwenza izigqibo

ukusukela apho malunga nokutshintsha indlela zethu zolimo.

Ukudibanisa iqela lezindlela zahlukileyo kungancedisa ukunyusa iziphumo zazo.Izicwangciso

zichazwe kafitshane ngezantsiUlwazi oluthe vetshe luyafumaneka kulamacandelo alandelayo

www.mahlathini.org , www.amanziforfood.co.za

Isivuno ImfuyoIm

Impilo kanye

nokuchuma

komhlaba

Amanzi

vun

Izixhobo

zemvelo/

umhlaba

INTSEBENZI

ENEN

TSTS

SWANO

SWSW

ANAN

SWSW

Ulondolozo

lwamanzi

kanye

nomhlaba

2 IMIGAQO SISEKO

Eyona migaqo siseko okanye ingqikelelo esiziqwalaseleyo ekukhetheni oluhlelo lokwenza, zezi

zilandelayo:

xUkunciphisa uncedo oluvela ngaphandle

xUkuzalisekisa ngokobukhulu kwiyanhlukano yangaphakathi

xIngqwalasela kwimpilo yomhlaba kunye nobuchule ekwakhiweni komhlaba ngendalo

x Ukukhathalela okusingqongileyo

xUkuqaphela ukusebenzisa amanzi afumanekayo ngendlela ekuyiyo nenononophela

ngokuphangaleleyo.

xUkusebenza kunye, sifunde kunye siphinde sicwangcise kunye.

Zonke ezi ndlela zokwenza sezike zazanywa kunye namafama asakhasayo eminyakeni emithathu

ukuya kwemine eyedlulileyo. Ngokoke sinesiqiniseko sokuba ziyasebenza, Nani ke siningqwenelela

amathamsanqa nempumelelo nisazozama ezinhlelo.

3 ULAWULO LWAMANZI (LAWULA AMANZI AFUMANEKAYO KWAYE WANDISE INDLELA

YOKUFUMANEKA KWAWO)

3.1 IMISELE YOKUNGENISA AMANZI NGAPHANTSI KOMHLABA (UMSELE OGIJIMISA AMANZI, UMSELE

OPHAMBUKISA AMANZI)

Le yimisele enzulu (Ngeesentimitha ezingamashumi amathathu (30cm) ububanzi, ishumielinesithathu

ukuya emashumini amathathu (15-30 cm) ubunzulu) egrunjwe ukuba ihambise amanzi kwimimandla

ethile (Imisele ephambukayo) okanye ibambise amanzi iphinde iwavumele ukuba ehlele ngaphansi

komhlaba kummandla olinyiweyo (umsele ogijimisa amanzi), kamva agrunjwa kwi khonti.

Ukutyala kungenziwa amimangweni, ngokudibanisa umgquba kunye nokufumisa ummango kunye

nemisele kokubini luluvo olulungileyo.Le misele yandisa ukufikeleleka ukuya, kunye nokufumaneka

kwa manzi ekuveliseni ukutya kanzulu.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwekhulu namashumi amahlanu

yeelilitha ngonyaka (>150mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5oC)

-Impandle: kungaba noma lithambeka elinjani

(elenyukelayo okanye elehlelayo)

-Umhlaba: umhlaba ongumdongwe kumele ubephakathi

kwesihlanu ukuya kumashumi amathathu anesihlanu (5-

35%), kube ngaphezulu kwetshumi nesihlanu ubunzulu

(>15cm)

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Angange hectare enye ukuya ku 0.1 ubukhulu bendawo

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi

-Kulula ukuqonda wenze nokukugcina, ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe

Umsele ophambukisa

amanzi, wafunyiswa kwaye

utyalwe ubhatata

emman

wenii

Ukugrumba umselele ophambukisa amanzi

(kwithambeka elifika kwisihlanu ukwenyukela, kube

ngamatshumi amathathu ububanzi, kwaye

namatshumi amathathu ububanzi, ube umhlaba

ubekelwa n

asenhla kwithambeka

Ukulungiselela ummango womsele ophambukisa

amanzi ukuze kutyalwe kulungelelene kwaye

kongezwe umgquba

3.2 UMSELE OWEKUKANISIWEYO

Umsele owahlukanisiweyo wenziwa ngomhlaba oqokelelweyo (ingqumba yomhlaba) wakhelwe phezu

kweekhonti nemijelo (engamashumi amane ubunzulu kunye namatshumi amahlanu ububanzi (40cm

ubunzulu kunye 50cm ububanzi) kwicala lokuphumeleni kwethambeka. Umphezulu walengqumba

yomhlaba ulungelelaniselwe ukuba uvumelane nokutyala. Lomsele uhlangabezana namanzi abaleka

phezukomhlaba uwasasaze okanye uwabele ezindaweni ezihluka-hlukeneyo ukunceda ukuba

adontseleke ngaphansi ebunzulwini bomhlaba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izityalo ezisisigxina (njengemithi

yeziqhamo) zityalwa phakathi kwalemisele.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwekhulu namashumi

amahlanu kugedluli kwiwaka namakhulu amabini

yeelilitha ngonyaka (>150mm <1200/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu

(>5oC)

-Impandle: Kube kuhlanu ukuya kumashumi

amabini anesihlanu (5%-25%)

-Umhlaba: kungaba noma ngumhlaba onjani,

nangona umhlaba onesihlabathi esininzi okanye

onomdongwe omninzi kunzima ukuwulawula

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Angange hectare enye ukuya ku 0.1 ubukhulu

bendawo

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi

indleko/amaxabiso aphansi

-Kulula ukuqonda wenze nokukugcina, ubunzima

busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe

Ukwakhiwa kwemisele, ukhonjiswe ngentla ubonisa

amanzi ahambayo

Ukugrumba indinyana yomselel

osikiweyo.Apha umhlaba ubekelwa

endaweni engezantsi kommango.

Ukufumisa kuyenzeka kubekwe emseleni kwaye

isivuno sityalelwe ndawo zombini, emseleni

nasodongeni.

Ulungiselelo lweebhedi zemijelo

ngezantsi kwendawo elungiselelwe

ukuphambukisa amanzi abalekayo.

3.3 IMISELE NEMIMMANGO

Imisele eyembiwe kwikhonti kunye nomhlaba obekwe endaweni engaphezulu kodonga. Ukutyala

kwenziwa kulendawo eludonga, nokunkcenkcetshela kuphinde kwenziwe ngaphezulu koludonga,

apho namanzi ahla ngalo ukuya emseleni. Kuyenzeka ukuba kwenziwe amaqhina angqamlezayo

ukuqinisekisa ukunkcenkcetshela okukuko, ukuze amanzi ezohlala afumbeke kulemisele aye

ngokutshona ngaphansi komhlaba. Ukufumisa umhlaba kululuvo oluhle.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwekhulu namashumi

amahlanu yeelilitha ngonyaka

(>150mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu

kwesihlanu (>5oC)

-Impandle: Kube ukuya kwisihlanu (0.5%-5%)

-Umhlaba: kungaba noma ngumhlaba onjani/

zonke iintlobo zomhlaba zilungile

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Angange hectare enye ukuya ku 0.1 ubukhulu bendawo

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi

-Kulula ukuqonda wenze nokukugcina, ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe

Imisele nemimmango esetyenziswe ekulimeni amasimi;

xa uphawula ngasentla lemimmango ibamba amanzi

hakathi nemisele.

Igadi yemifuno ibekwe kwenye

yendawo eyenziwe ngemisele

nemimmango; kutyalwe iituma,

iminqatha kunye nespinatshi.

Qaphela ukuba okubonakala

ngaphambili - kwesokudla

kulomfanekiso ngummango.

Igade ekhombisa ukufumisa

imisile etyalwe iitumato.

Kufakwe izikhukhula lwamanzi

emiseleni-okuluhlobo

lokunkcenkcetshela

olusetsenzisiweyo.

Imithi yeziqhamo iyakwazi ukudityaniswa yenziwe ezinye

zeebhedi zokutyala

3.4 IMIMMANGO EDITYANISIWEYO

Le indlela yokwenza yandisa amanzi afumanekayo ezityalweni ngokuqokelela imvula esuka

kumathambeka angalinywanga iphinde iyibambise ngemisele nemimmango. Ukutyala kwenziwa

nokuba kweliphi icala lalemisele apho amanzi asemfimfithe khona. Ithambeka lesisiza kumele lu…….

Iziza zenziwe ngokomba imisele enzulu malunga nocangca lweekhonti eluthambekweni nokwakhiwa

kwemimmango ecaleni elingezantsi kwalemisele. La maqhina akunye ngenxa yalemimmango

engaphantsi kancinane eyenzelwe kwizithuba ezikunye nalemisele.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: ephakathi kwamakhuluamane ukuya

kumakhulu asixhenxe yeelilitha ngonyaka

(400-700mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu

kwesihlanu (>5oC)

-Impandle: Kube ukuya kwisixhenxe (0.5%-

7%)

-Umhlaba: Umhlaba kumele ube

ngozinzileyo. Okunguwona mhlaba

ulungileyo ngulowo onomdongwe okanye

kube ngumhlaba okwaziyo ukungeneka umphezulu wawo ukudlula lowo ongeneka

kancinyana ongaphantsi kwawo

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Angange hectare enye ukuya ku 0.1 ubukhulu bendawo

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi

-Kulula ukuqonda wenze nokukugcina, ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe

Ufumiso emiseleni yegadi ibekwe nemimmango.

Amanzi aqokelelwa emiseleni, ensimini yombona

eyenziwengemimmango.

Indinyana ebekelwe imimmango ityalwe ubhatata, umbona

eFree state.

3.5 IMINGXUMA YOKUTSHONISA AMANZI/YENZIWA NGEZANGQA ZOOBHANANA

Indawo ezikhongozeley ezembiwa emhlabeni ongeneno kwamanzi ahambayo (ukubamba kunye

nokunciphisa isivinini sokubaleka kwamanzi). Eziziza ziye zigcwaliswe ngomgquba okanye izifundisi

(ngobuninzi bazo) sixutywe nomhlaba nababhanana okanye ezinye izithelo ezithanda amanzi ziye

zityalwe kweziziza.

Umahluko wale indlela kukuba umgxunya ngamnye wenbiwe endaweni ebaleka amanzi kwaye

izalisekiswe ngezizivundisi (okuluhlaza okanye umgquba)- kuchula kuhle nokuvundisa. Apha ke

iibhanana okanye ezinye izivuno zityalwa emingqibekweni.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamatshumi amahlanu yeelilitha ngonyaka

(>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5oC)

-Impandle: Kubekunye ukuya kumatshumi amabini anesihlanu (1.5%-25%)

-Umhlaba: kungaba lulo lonke uhlobo lemihlaba (kubesisihlanu ukuya kumatshumi amathathu

epesenti zomdongwe (5-30% clay) kunye nobunzulu obungaphezulu kwamatshumi

amathathu (>30cm)

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi

-Angango 0.1 wehectare ubukhulu bendawo

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi

-Kulula ukuqonda wenze nokukugcina, ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe

Iindawana, ezahlulwelwe

ukukhongozela amanzi zingenziwa,

ngokugrunjwa kuphinde kungezwe

umgquba

Isangqa sikabhanana esidityaniswe nohlaza. Isiza esikhongozele amanzi senziwe mayelana nomsele

wokuhambisa amanzi egadini yasekhayeni. Imimmango

edit

anisiwe

enziwe Phakathi kwemisele.

3.6 UKUFUMISA

Umhlaba uyagqumathelwa ngeentlobo-ngeentlobo zeentsalela zesivuno okanye umgquba, ukugcina

amanzi, ukunciphisa amaqondoobushushu, kuphinde kwenyuse izinga lomhlaba onempilo

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamatshumi amahlanu yeelilitha ngonyaka

(>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5oC)

-Impandle: Kubekunye ukuya kumatshumi amabini anesihlanu (1.5%-25%)

-Umhlaba: kungaba lulo lonke uhlobo lemihlaba (kubesisihlanu ukuya kumatshumi amathathu

epesenti zomdongwe (5-30% clay) kunye nobunzulu obungaphezulu kwamatshumi

amathathu (>30cm)

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi

-Angango 0.1 wehectare ubukhulu bendawo

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi

-Kulula ukuqonda wenze nokukugcina, ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe

Iintsalela zamagqabi zibekelwe ukufumisa

iibhedi zemi

elo

Ukufumisa ngomdizaweswekile, neminye

emidiza nemidiza e

adini

emifuno

Uhlaza okanye ingca esetyenziselwe ukufumisa umhlaba eyomileyo.

Intsimi yezolimo lokulondoloza umhlaba

Ukufumisa ngengca ohlelweni lokutyala ngemisele nemimmango.

3.7 IITONELA EZINGUMTHUNZI OWENZEKA NGELAPHU

Imithunzi ebungwevu elinganiselwa kumatshuma amane epesenti (40%) yeetonela zeminatha

ezingange 4.2mx6m obungakanani ukuya kwisibini (2m) ubude zakhiwe kusetyenziswe ‘ikhithi’ kunye

nezixhobo zasekuhlaleni. Iingqiniba ezi zayo zakhiwe ngemibhobho evumela ukugotyiswa- ekhuselwe

ngeentsimbi ngaphandle. Ezingqiniba ziye

zitshoniswe gqo emhlabeni- kubalekiselwa nasiphina

isakhiwo kwaye iminatha yona iye ibekwe

ngaphezulu yembathise okanye igubungele zonke

ezintsimbi. Le tonela iye ibanjwe ngee ankile

amacala omabini

Ingaphakathi letonela liye libe nemijelo yeebhedi

ezintathu 1mx5m kwaye ngayinye ibonelelwa

ngezixhobo zokunkcenkcetshela ngamathontsi

ezenziwa nge emele/ipheyile engamatshumi amabini

eelitha. Kule tonela kwenziwa uhlelo lokulima

olungumxube, kwaye namanzi ayintsila

angasetyenziswa ukunkcenkcetshela.

Ezitonele zilungele/zifaneleke nakweyiphina indawo apho kutyaleka khona, ezibhedi zemijelo

zonazingembelwa zigqibe zibonelelwe nganzi okunkcenkcetshela.

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi

-Kungaba ngu 0.1 weehectare ubukhulu begadi

-Kuneendleko ezifikelelekayo, kufuneka nobuchule, kunye nemfundiso

ezihambisana nabacebisi.

-Kulula ukuqonda wenze nokukugcina

Kumgca wokuqala ngasentla kwesekhohlo ukuya kwesokunene: kusetyenziswa intambo ukuphawula indlela itonela ekumele

ihambe ngayo nekuyona ndawo ekumele ime kuyo; kusetyenziswe neentsimbi ukuphawula imingxuma ezongena iintsimbi

zetonela, ezizophinde zigotywe ziphinde zidityaniswe iingqameko ngendlela zakhona ezifaneleyo.

Emgceni wesibini ngasentla kwesekhohlo ukuya kwesokunene: ‘Ukutyala’ lemigqameko ekulemingxuma ithunga idibanise

iminatha emingqamekweni kumacala omabini ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe ngaphezulu, adontswe iqiniselwe apha eminatheni

itsho ukuyorhawula macala onke ngemva kokuba ifakwe ngaphezulu, kuphinde kubethelelwe iiankeli ngemva kokusukunyiswa

kwetonela, kugqibe kucokisiswe ke indlela umnatha ongene ngayo ukuba ukhusele itonela ndawo zonke. Iminathi erhangqe

apha emazantsi iyembelwa ukwandisa ukhuseleko nokomelela ukumelana nemimoya ebhudlayo.

Umfanekiso wetonela esigqityiwe, yafakelwa iipheyile elingiselelwe

ukunkcenkcetshela, kutyalwe ispinatshi.

3.8 UQOKELELO NOGCINO LWAMANZI

Ngokubanzi, amafama aye

aqokelele amanzi

kwimigqomo, kumagubu

nakooJojo tanki. Oku

akwenzi amanzi aneleyo.

Omatanki embelwe

ngaphansi komhlaba ngawo

akwazi ukugcina amanzi

amaninzi.

La matanki aqokelela amanzi

abalekayo esuka

ekhukhulisekweni

olucwangcisiweyo, asuka

emigwaqweni kunye nasuka

emimmandleni nje eqhelekileyo, ukugcina izixa ezinkulu zamanzi (asukela kumawaka amabini

anesihlanu ukuya kumawaka amane eelitha zamanzi); ekungamanzi anele igadi engangekhulu ukuya

kumakhulu amabini eemitha ubukhulu ezinyange ezine ukuya kwezintandathu.

Ikhona imfuneko yokugrumba imingxunya emikhulu ekwakhelwe kuyo lamatanki -kungaba yakhiwe

ngesamente, iibhloko/izitena zesamente ibuye ityatyekwe nebhitumene.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amane anamatshumi amahlanu yeelilitha ngonyaka

(>340mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5oC)

-Impandle: Kubekunye ukuya kumatshumi amabini anesihlanu (1.5%-25%)Umhlaba: kungaba

lulo lonke uhlobo lemihlaba (kubesisihlanu ukuya kumatshumi amathathu epesenti

zomdongwe (5-30% clay) kunye nobunzulu obungaphezulu kwamatshumi amathathu

(>30cm)

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi

-Elinganiselwa <0.1; 0.1-1; ukuya ku 2 wehectare ubukhulu bendawo

-Amaxabiso okwenza oku aphezulu kwaye nomsebenzi okumele wenziwe ekwenzeni

ezizakhiwo zokugcina amanzi mninzi

-Kufuneka amanqanaba aphezulu obuchule nolwazi (ingxaso yangaphandle kunye noqeqesho

luyafunek ukuqala lomsebenzi)Kunobunzinyana nemizamo efunekayo ukukugcina lamatanki.

Amanzi kumele akhutshwe ngee emele okanye ipheyile, okanye ampontshwe. Intlenga

ifanele ukukhethwa isuswe imihla ngemihla

Iindlela zasekuhlaleni zokuqokelela uphinde ugcine amanzi, yenziwa eLimpopo; Izikhongozeli

zamanzi, amakhulu amabini anetshumi leelilitha zamagubu; iwaka leelilitha zezikhongozeli kunye

nooJoJo tanki. Ezi zibamba amanzi amancin

ane.

Itanki elenzelwe ngaphansi komhlaba

lanyuswa ngodonga olusamentiweyo

Umzekelo wetanki eyembelweyo

(engamatshumi asibhozo eemitha

(18m3), ebekelwe uphahla olusukayo

ukwenzela ukhuseleko.

Ugibe wokukhusela umhlaba

nenhlenga kwitanki eyembelwe

ngaphantsi komhlaba elinganiselwa

kumawaka amabini anesihlanu

eelilitha, ukunciphisa intlenga

eyehlela emanzini agciniweyo.

Itanki esigqityiwe eyenziwe ngodonga

lwezitena, yagqunyathelwa ngophahla

ukukhusela.

3.9 UQOKELELO NOGCINO LWAMANZI; NGAMA

TANKI (OOJJOJO-TANKI)

OoJojo tanki bangasetyenziselwa ukuqokelela

amanzi emvula asuka eluphahleni (isiqhelo,

isilinganiso sawo kuye kube ngamawaka amabini

anamakhulu amahlanu ukuya kumawaka

amahlanu eelitha). Kubalulekile futhi ukuqinisekisa

ukuba igathala okanye imibhobho yokudlulisa

amanzi ifakwe ngendlela.

Kunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe ooJojo tanki

abembelwe ngokungagqibelelanga njengenye

yendlela yokuqokelela amanzi asuka ngasenhla

kwethambeka. Koluhlobo lokwenza, amatanki

angongliwa ngamanzi aitsalekelayo ngaphandle

kokumpontswa okanye ukuthuthelwa ngee- emele

Futhi ke, kuyenzeka uzikhethele ukusebenzisa

ooJojo tanki abembelweyo, kodwa ke kweli ityelo kufuneka bomelezwe. Oku kulula kakhulu

kunokwakhiwe kweetanki.

Impompo yokumfimfitha amanzi eyenzelwe

ekhaya engasetyenziswa ukufumana

amanzi kumatanki akhelwe ngaphantsi

komhlaba.

Imibhobho neegatharingi zendlu zibalulekile ukuqokelela amanzi endlu

xa kusetyenziswa ooJoJo tanki.

Amatanki embelwe naphantsi komhlaba ukufumana

kuphinde kugcinwe amanzi asuka kumathambeka.OoJoJo tanki abambelwe ngaphansi komhlaba ukuze

kugcinwe amanzi.

Itafile engentla ikhombisa isixa samanzi angakwazi akulobeka

cineke kwimizi.

3.10 AMADAMA AMANCINYANA

Lamadama amancinyane uyakwazi ukuba embelwe phansi apho akwazi khona ukubamba amanzi

(angaphezulu kwamatshumi amabani anesihlanu omdongwe /okuzii 25%). Adle ngokuphulukana ke

noko namanzi kwaye akwazi ukuhlala engcwele nje okwethutyana, kodwa abonelela ngenani

eliphezulu kakhulu lwamanzi eziphandlekeni zomhlaba kulowo mmandla. Ngokuqhelekileyo, aye

embelwe ezindawe apho intlakohlaza ingakwazi khona ukuba ihlale iwagcwalisa mihla-ngemihla,

okanye apho amanzi ahambe phezu komhlaba nagijimayo axhaphakileyo.

Kunokwenzeka ukuba kukeliswe lamadanyana/amachibi neeplastiki, kodwa kuphela xa kukhona

ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuba azohlala egcwele, ngokuba iiplastiki zibola kalula elangeni.

Kunokwenzeka futhi ukuba kukeliswe lamadanyana nohlobo thizeni lomdongwe okwazi

ukuukulitywina, futhi kuphela xa ichibi kusenzeka ukuba lihlale lizele ngamanzi ngamaxesha

amaninzi.

Ngasentla, yimizekelisa emithathu yamadanyana okanye amachibi agrunjwe emhlabathini onako ukubamba amanzi angaphezulu

kwamatshumi amabini enesihlanu amaphesenti omdongwe- (>25%)ukuqinisekisa.clay. Ngakwesokudla kuboniswe idama elikhulu

elondliwa ngamanzi omthombo ongasentla kwethambeka. Umfanekiso osembindini kuboniswa idama elondliwa ngamanzi adontswa

ngemibhobho esusela amlanjeni.

Ichibi elincinyane elenziwe laqondiswa ngomdongwe (udongwe

olububhelu ngaphakathi kwechibi), lagqiba lazaliswa ngamanzi.

Phawula ikona yodonga lwechibi, ukuba livemela ebhentonathi

(bentonite) ukuba incanyathiselwe yatywinwa emacaleni,

nasezantsi kwechibi.

Ichibinyana alembelwe egadini yesekuhlaleni luluntu lwendawo,

londliwa ngamanzi abaleka ngaphezu komhlaba, asuka

emigaqweni, alungelelaniswe ngeplastiki.

3.11 AMANZI AFIKELELEKAYO

Ulawulo, kunye nophihlisa lwemithombo yamanzi asekuhlaleni, nohlaziyo loba afikelele ezindaweni

zasekuhlaleni kunye nasezigadini yinto enokwenzeka kwindawe zethu ezincinane zasekuhlaleni:

-Amaqela enqanaba lasekuhlaneni asebenza kunye ukuvumelana ngabo banokuthi babandakaanyeke

(abantu ababeqiyo kumashumi amabini), abantu abazoingeka ukuba babandakanyeke ngokusebenza

kwezolimo baphinde babakufutshane nabanye.

-Baya bachonge umthombo wamanzi wasekuhlaleni, onamanzi angapheliyo okanye umthomo onamanzi

adonseka ukusuka ngaphansi komhlaba, baphinde balungise indlela abasebenzisa ngayo owo

mthombo, ngokumanyana nabasemagunyeni kuleyondawo.

-Emva koko kwenziwa inkqubo yokubonelela ngetanki eyintloko ekuyiyo ezogcwala ngamanzi avela

emthombeni, emva koko kuhlaziywa indlela yokuhambise amanzi kumzi ngomzi kunye negadi zabalimi

ababandakenyekayo kulentlelo.

-Ikomiti eyenzelwe oluhlelo iye yenze iphinde iphumeze imithetho nemigaqo sisekelo yokusebenzisa

lwamanzi kumzi ngamnye iphinde ilawule yonke into efunisa imali zokugcina oluhlelo lusesimeni

esilungileyo.

-Wonke amalunga alindeleke ukuba anikele futhi azibandakanye kuyo yonke imeko efunisa imali kunye

nemisebenzi enzima yezandla emalunga nokuphumeza lenkqubo kusekela ekufakelweni/ekuqaleni.

-Wonke amalungelo nemvume ezisuka kwabasemagunyeni ukugunyazisa lenkqubo kufanele ukuba

zenziwe kunye namalungiselelo okugcina oluhlelo lusebenza, lusesimeni esihle.

IMFUNEKO:

-Imvulal: kufanele ibengaphezulu kweshumi elinantlanu eemitha ngonyaka

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Ubume bendawo: Kungaba noma lithambeka elinjani

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo

-Umthombo wamanzi; amanzi aphantsi kohlaba.

UPHUNYEZO:

-Imizi kunye neegadi ezingaphansi kuka-0.1 weehekthara (<0,1ha)

-Amaxabiso aphezulu, kwaye kusetyenziswa izixhobo zangaphandle nezasekuhlaleni

-Iyasebenzisa kakhulu, kwaye ifuna izakhono ezinzulu, uqeqesho lwabahlali, kunye nenkxaso

kwezobuchwephetshe.

Umzekelo wetanki eyintloko

esuka kwimvelaphi yomthombo

ethelela emizi engaphansi

kohlelo.

Umzekelo womnye wemizi

oxhunyiweyo ukufumana amanzi.

Lemigqomo inxibelelaniswe yaphinde

yaxhunyaniswa ne valuva edadayo

ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi ayama

ukungena xa imigqomo sele izele

ngamanzi

Ukubholwa kwequla (boreholes) kunye

nokufakelwa kwemibhobho ehambisa amanzi

kwitanki eyintloko ebasekhayeni.

Umthombo owembelwe ukwenza idamu. Ukukhuselwa komthombo kubandakanya ukugqunyathelwa kwemibhobho emiseleni

eyembelwe eyembelwe ngaphansi kwedama ephinde yembozwe ngotyando (gravel),umnatha womthunzi kunye nomhlaba, ukuze

ukhuseleke. Ngoluhlobo umthombo uyakhuseleka, ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezinzulu.

3.12 Ulawulolwamanzi amdaka

Amanzi amdaka ngamanzi asetyenziselwa ukuhlamba emakhayeni (impahla, izitya, kunya nabantu)

kodwa akawafaki amanzi amnyama (amanzi angasese, amanzi ogutyulo) Amanzi amdaka

asetyenziswayo agcwele isepha yeentlobo ngeentlobo. Ubungozi bokusebenzisa oluhlelo

kukungcoliseka kwezilwane, ukonakala kwe-nitrogini (i-nitrification) yesepha kunye nokuqhekeka

komphezulu womhlaba apho lwamanzi asetyenziswa khona rhoqo. Ulawulo ekusetyenzisweni

kwalamanzi ngendlela kunye nasekuchithweni kwawo kubalulekile. Ikakhulu oku kuquka

ukusebenzisa uthuthu kunye nezinye izinto. Ezifana nembewu yemoringa, ukudibanisa kunye

nokugquma enye yesepha, kunye nohlelo lokunkcenkcetshela oluphephisa lwamanzi amdaka ukuba

adibane namagqabi ezityalo.

Iindlela ezintathu zokusebenzisa amanzi amadaka zichazwe ngezansi:

1. Ikiti zokwenza iipheyile zilungele ukunkcenkcetshela ngamaconsi

Ezi zee zindlela zokungcengcetshela ngamaconsi ezencelwa umntu ngamnye, ziba yimitha enye (1m)

ukuvuleka, zibe ziimitha ezintlanu ubude (5m) kunye neepheyile ezingamashumi amabini eelitha

(20L). Lekiti yokunkcenkcetshela iye iqokelelwe idityaniswe kwindawo yokulima ukuze ukwazi

ukuzenzela iintambo zakho zokuconsisa amanzi okunkcenkcetshela, ukhethe ububanzi bemigca

kunye nezithuba zokukhupha amanzi ngamaconsi. Ixesha elininzi kuye kusetyenziswe imigca emibini

yezinnkconkcozisi, ezilingana namashumi amathathu ukwehlukana. Ukunkcenkcetshela kwenziwa

nsuku zonke.

Ezipheyile zingaphinde zifakwe Isanti ukuhluza intlenga nokungcola kulamanzi amdaka ukuwenza

alungele ukunkcenkcetshela. Kwelinqanaba, umda okanye uluhlu lwegrabile lubekwa ezansi

kwipheyile, kulandele umda wesanti yomfula ecocekileyo. Isanti ifakwa ngaphakathi esakeni le-muslin

ukuthintela ukuxubana xa ipheyile seyifakwe amanzi. Ezi zihluzo zidinga ukutshintswa kufakwe

ezinye amaxesha ngamaxesha njengoba izinga lokubaleka kwamanzi kwezipheyile liye liqale

lehle.Imibhobho yokunkcenkcetshela nayo idinga ukucocwa ngokuvulwa umva kuvunyelwe amanzi

ahambe ahlambe aphinde agugule yonke into intlenga evalileyo.

Umaleko we

rabile n

aphansi ebhe

ileni

Isanti ibekwe kwingxowa yemislin evaliweyo

ngaphezukwegrabile ukuthintela ukuba

iguguliseke iyovala imigqobho

okunkcenkcetshela. Izangqa ezimanziswe luhlelo

lokunkcenkcetshela

Umzekeo womgca

wokunkcenkcetshela ongamashumi

amathathu eemitha ukwahlukana

Amanzi amdaka kwipheyile

yokunkcenkcetshela

ngamachaphaza.

Kokubini igraveli nesanti ziyacocwa ngaphambi

kokusetyenziswa, ukuthintela ukungcola

nokuxineka kohlelo lokuhamba kwamanzi

Lomfanekiso ongezansi ubonisa indlela le kiti yohlelo lokunkcenkcetshel ngamachaphaza olwenziwa

ngayo:

Umbhobho uye uvalwe

ngokugotywa

aseku

ibeleni.

Imigca yokunkcenkcetshela emibini,

elinganiselwa kumashumi amathathu

ukwehlukana adityaniswe nombhobho

owehlela ngezansi.

Iqela lomama lifunda indlela yokwenza uhlelo

lokunkcenkcetshela ngamaconsi.

Kuye kwenziwe imigqobho kwindawo zokuconsisa amanzi

kulemibhobho, macala onke, kufakwe iqhina leplastiki

ukwakha ezinkcenkcetsheli zamaconsi

(

“dri

ers”

)

Umgqobho omncinane wenziwa emazansi kwipheyile

engamashumi amabini eelitha apho kuzofakwa khon

umbhobho nengqiniba yokuzidibanisa nombhobho

owehlayo.

Ipheyile ibekwa endawi eqethukileyo kufakwe lombhobho

ubheke phansi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi ayakwazi

ukwehlela kwimigqobho yokunkcenkcetshela.

Xa sele wenziwe, uhlelo kuyavavanywa

ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi aphuma ngendlela

efanayo na kwaye yonke imigqobho

iyawakhupha ngokulinganayo.

2. Izitiya zenqaba (tower gardens)

Ezitiya zakhiwe ukusuka phansi ukwenyuka kusetyenziswa izibonda ezine ziphinde zirhangqwe

ngendwangu yomthunzi olinganiselwa kumaphesenti angamashumi asibhozo. Maphakathi nendawo

apho kukho ezibhedi zokutyala, kwakhiwe umqolo wamatye unyuke kusetyenziswa ipheyile

engenawo amazansi. Ibhedi igcwaliswa ngomxube owenziwe ngaphambile kokuba kuqalwe

(womhlaba ongange 1/3, umanyola 1/3 umthuthu 1/3 (kudingeka umthuthu omninzi ukucoca amanzi

amdaka)). Umigqobho emincinane iyenzima emacaleni kwalamasaka, kutyalwe izithole

kuleyomigqobho zinyuseke, ngokuqhelekileyo, isipinatshi okanye eminye imifuno enamagqabi.

Umphezulu webhedi zokutyala, ungasetyenziselwa ezinye izityalo-itutamatisi balungile ngjengoba

bekwazi ukuba babanjwe ngezibonda. Ezibhedi zinkcenkcetshelwa ngokuba kuthekwe amanzi

amdaka ngaphezulu kwamatye phakathi nendawo.

UPHUNYEZO

-Ulawulo lwamanzi amdaka

- Isitiya

-Ihektare ezingaphansi kuka 0.1 (<0,1ha)

-Amaxabiso aphansi ukuya phakathi nendawo, kukhona ukufunda nokucetyiswa,

kusetyenziswa izixhoba zasekuhlaleni.

-Kulula ukuyigcina, kodwa amasaka adinga ukutshintshwa ngemva kweminyaka emithathu

ukuya kwemihlanu rhoqo.

Ukwenza umhlaba, ngomxube

womanyolo nomgquba,

nomthuthu ozogcwaliswa

kwiibhedi zokutyala egadini

Ukwenziwa kweekholamu zamatye– kukhona ipheyile

encinci engenamphansi phakathi nendawo

Ukwakha inqaba (tower)-

igcwaliswe ngomxube

womhlaba ojikeleze ilitye

lekholamu ukwen

uka

Ukwenziwa kwemigqobho emincinane

emacaleni en

xowa kwenzelwa ukut

ala izithole

Ukunkcenkcetshela kwikholamu yelitye

hakathi nendawo

Inqaba yokulimam (tower)

eseyindala ilinywe ispinatshi,

ikale, itswele lasentwasantlobo

kunye nemarigolds.

3. Iibhedi zokutyala ezinemingxunya engundoqo

Ezi ziibhedi zokutyala ezakhelwe phezulu kanzulu ezinebhasikiti/ipheyile ephakathi nendawo

enezivundisi ekuyeyokunkcenkcetshela nako ukusebenzisa amanzi amdaka. Kulula ukuzilawula.

Ibhedi yokutyala isissangqa (esingangeesentimitha ezintathu) ezine-keyhole kwicala elithukileyo

kuleyo ndawo, ekuyiyo encedisa ekutholakaleni lepheyile enomgquba nezivundisi kunye

nokunkcenkcetshela okuqhubekayo. Iindonga zakhiwa zibe ngamashumi amathandathu ukuya

kwasibhozo eesentimitha (60cm-80cm) ubude kunye nebhedi egcwaliswe ngomxube womhlaba

olungiswe ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa, umgquba/umanyolo (kungaba ngamashumi amabini

amapesenti isandi-20%) kunye nomthuthu. Ikalika kunye namathambo enyama angafakwa nawo.

Ibhedi ityalwa ngezityalo ezahlukeneyi ezahlukaniswe ngeziqephu apho ziye zijikeleziswe khona.

UPHUNYEZO

- Isitiya

-Ihektare ezingaphansi kuka 0.1 (<0,1ha)

-Amaxabiso aphansi, kungeka ukufunda nokucetyiswa okuphakathi nendawo, kusetyenziswa

izixhoba zasekuhlaleni (amatye alinganiselwa kumakhulu amahlanu ukuya kwasibhoza (500-

800kg) ayafuneka kodwa angatholakala kalula)

- Kulula ukuyigcina

Ibhedi ye- keyhole igqiba kwakhiwa, nansi ikholamu

ephakathi nendawo yegrabile okanye amatye amanncinci

ngaphakathi kwebhedi – ngaphandle kwepheyile

enomgquba.

Umzobo obonisa ibhedi ye-keyhole ibonisa umphezulu

phakathi kukho ipheyile enomgquba ihlukaniswe kune

ngokokujikeleziswa kwezityalo (iziqhamo-amagqabi-

iingcambu-imidumba)

Ibhedi ye-keyhole eseyindala ityalwe umxube wezityalo

3.13 UHLUMISO LWENGCA ENDAWENI ZAMANZI

Ukuhlunyiswa kwengca endaweni zamanzi kubanzi, kuphinde kube kufutshane kwaye kunemijelo

emilise okwesosala kuyilelwe ukuhambisa amanzi ngaphezu komhlaba anqamleze umhlaba

ekulinywa kuwo ngaphandle kokubanga ukhukhuliseko mhlaba. Le mijelo iphinde isetyenziselwe

ukhuseleko lwamanzi abaleka kakhulu asuka endaweno zolimo ukuyothso kwimibhobho

yokuphumeza amanzi efana nemilambo okanye imilanjana.

xUkhuliso lwezityalo ezegquma indlela ehamba amanzi icothisa ukuhamba kwamanzi iphinde

ikhusele umjelo kuxinzelelo lwezikhukhulisi zamanzi abalekayo.

xUkutyalwa kwengca yonyaka wonke ekuquka kuyo i-Paspalum, iFescue, iKikuyi kunye

nengca ye-couch kukona kungcono kunokutyala ingca ende ukuya phezulu, etyalwa

unyakawonke.

xEnza icandelo elinqamlezileyo lokudlulisa amanzi lingaba kumila kwe-trapezoidal okanye i-

parabolic, kodwa kuye kuqinisekiswe ukuba ayenziwa ibe kumila ku-V kwaye nendlela

yokuhamba amanzi noko kumele iqale kumashumi amathathu ukuya kwamane eesentimitha

ubunzulu, kunye nethambeka lamacala ekumele lingaqethuki kangangokunye ukuya kokune.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu

amane anamashumi amahlanu

eelilitha ngonyaka (>450mm/year)

- Amaqondo obushushu:

angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

- Impandle: elilinganiswa ku-1.5

ukuya kumashumi amabini

anesihlanu (1.5%-25%)

- Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba

lukulungele (ongxenye inomdongwe

olinganiselwa kwisihlanu ukuya kumashumi amathathu enesihlanu epesenti) (5-35%), kunye

nangaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu ubunzulu (>30cm)

UPHUNYEZO

- Amasimi

-Iihekthare eziphakathi kuka 0.1 ukuya kwenye, nangaphezulu (0.1-1ha, >1ha)

-Iindleko ziphantsi, kunye nezixhobo zasekuhlleni

Izakhiwe ze-Parabolic okanye i-trapezoidal zizona zikulungeleyo

ukutyalwla kwengca ezindaweni zokuhamba amanzi. Qaphela imida

isecaleni kweqethuka elisentsheleni. (Isuselwe ku-Michigan state

Universit

(

MSU Extension 2015

)

Ekhohlo: Ukhukhuliseko olubangelwe ngamanzi

abalekayo ensimini yengqolowa (isuselwe ku-MSU

Extension

2015

)

Kuseyintsimi enye nekwesokhohlo sekutyalwe ingca

endleleni yamanzi ngemva kweminyaka embalwa (isuselwe

ku-MSU Extension, 2015)

i-Paspalum (ingca ye-Bahia)

yeyona ilungele ukwenza ezindlela

zokuhamba amanzi–ilushica kwaye

iyamelana nembalela

i-Tall Fescue yona ihlala iluhlaza

ubusika bonke.

Ingca ye-Couch (Elymus repens), ithathwa

njengokhula, emhlabeni otyalwayo kodwa

ikhula kakuhle nakumhlaba ongekho

kumgangatho kwaye ibonelela

ngokugqumathela indawo ebaleka

amanzi.

4 ULAWULO LOMHLABA (UKULAWULWA KOKHUKHULISEKO, UKUCHUMA KOMHLABA,

KUNYE NEMPILO YOMHLABA)

4.1 AMATYE AKRELISIWEYO/ AYINGQUMBA

Lamatye akrelisiweyo aye apakishwe kumathambeka ukulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi iphinde

ibonelele kancinyane ekwakheni umhlaba kunye nesihlabathi ngemva kwaleyo migca yamatye.

Amatye aqunjaniswa kumsele omfutshane kwaye amatye amakhulu wona aqokelelwa kwithambeka

elingezantsi kwamatye amancinane ukuthintela uqhekeko lwamatye akreliswe emancinane kunye

futhi nokuvumela ukuhamba kwamanzi acothayo edlula kulamatye. Utyalo lungenziwa ngezantsi

kolukrozo lwamatye njengoba amanzi amaninzi ehlanganela ande khona, okanye nje ngasentla

kolukrozo lwamatye apho kuqokelane khona isihlabathi nomhlaba.

IIMFANEKO

- Imvula: engaphezulu kwekhulu namashumi amahlanu

yeelilitha ngonyaka (>150mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5oC)

-Impandle: 0,5%-5% (ingadluli kwisihlanu)

-Umhlaba: kungaba noma ngumhlaba onjani – apho

amatye atholakala kalula khona.

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Angange hectare engaphantsi kuka 0.1 ubuncinyane nangaphezulu kwesibini ubukhulu

bendawo

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi

- Ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe

Ukrozo lwamatye enzelwe kwikhonto futhi angenzelwa

kulo naliphi na inqanaba .

Imbonakalo ekhombisa amatye aqumbaniselwe

kumsele onamatye amakhulu ditch kwithambeka

elingezantsi kwamatye amancinane.

Ukrozo lwamatye amancinane

asetyenziselwe ukulawula amanzi

abaleka ezindleleni iphinde

ikhokhele amanzi ukya ezigadini

uBrinjolo otyalwe kulomhlaba

nesihlabathi esiqokeleleke

ngentla kwamatye

alun

elelaniswe ne

adi .

Oobhanana abatyalwe ngezantsi

kwamat

e acwan

cisiwe

4.2 AMADAMA AMISELWEYO

La ngamadama amancinane, ngamanye amaxesha aba ngawethutyana, amadama akhelwe

anqamleza ngqo kumsele okanye kwindlela yamanzi ukumelana nokhukhuliseko ngokuthi

kunciphiswe isivinini sokuhamba kwamanzi kuphinde kuvumele uzinzo lwesihlabathi. Izixhobo

ezahlukeneyo zingasetyenziswa kuquka umhlaba, amatye, iinkuni, okanye imifuno. Amatye okanye

ezinye izixhobo, zibotshelwa kwithambeka, kwikhonto, ukunciphisa ukhukhuliseko olubangelwa

ngamanzi abaleka ngaphezu komhlaba. Iziphumo kuyoba kukwakheka kweginqinyana zomhlabathi

ovundileyo wokutyala.

La madama “Check dams” ixesha elininzi aye ebekwe anqamleze la migca emfimfitha amanzi apho

kuhamba khona amanzi xa kunethile, kodwa angahambi qhoqhoqho. Aphinde abeke anqamleze

malunga nendonga ezigugulisekayo, kodwa akahambi ngokusisigxina. Aphinde futhi abekelwe

anqamleze indawo eneendonga ezenziwe lukhukhuliseko. Asebenza kakuhle ukuzinzisa amigwaqo

okanye indawo apho kunqamla khona. Kumele kusetyenziswe amatye axandileyo, kunamatye

azingqukuva kwaye amazansi kumele abengamashumi amathathu ukuya kwamathandathu

esentimitha ububanzi (30cm- 60m) kwaye kubesisihlanu ukuya kwisithandathu isisindo(5-9kg). Kube

ngalawo amancinyane ngaphezulu kunye nembumba yamatye alishumi elinesihlanu ukuya

kwamabini anambini (15cm-22cm). Ekulona cebo

kukubekwa kwalamadama akroze ukusukela ezansi

ukuyoma phezulu, apho inqanaba lethambeka

elisisinyuko liqokelela khona isihlabathi kunye nomhlaba

ongemva kwedama ngalinye wandele ukuyofika

ekupheleni komfula ongezansi welidama apho linyukela

khona.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwekhulu namashumi amahlanu yeelilitha ngonyaka (>150mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: kungaba ngu 1,5% ukuya kumashumi amini anesihlanu (25%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele– apho amatye neembokodo zitholakala kalula

khona.

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Ibengu 0.1 nangaphansi ubuncinane bee hectare

ukuye kwezingaphezulu kwesibini (<0,1ha, 0,1-

1ha, >2ha).

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi

indleko/amaxabiso aphansi

-Ubunzima obuninzi busemsebenzini ekumele

wenziwe.

Umboniso weendonga zisenzeka ensimini

Ukwembiwa kwemisele

ezofakelwa ematyeni kwenzelwa

idama.

Isiqalelo sokupakishela elidama. Amtye amakhulu

eqo

gap

Umzekeliso wedama eseligqityiwe eline

elinedonga le apron ngaphansi kwaye

isimiselo sesakhiwo sooBhannana

siyabonakala.

4.3 AMATHAMBEKA

Ithambeka ngumcu womhlaba oqondileyo owakhelwe kwikhonto zethambeka elisisenyuko kwaye

ixhaswe ngumhlaba okanye igqumba yamatye okanye imiqolo yamavili amadala. Ithambeka lidala

indawo ethe tyaba yokutyala iphinde izinzise ithambeka elesisenyuko okungenzeka ngenye indlela

kuqethuke kakhulu ukuba kungasetyenziselwa imveliso. Ukrozo lwala mathambeka lungadala into

esakumila kwamanyathelo ekwaziyo ukunciphisa ukubaleka kwamanzi, yandise ukutshona kwamanzi

emhlabathini, kwaye iphinde incedise ukulawula uguguliseko

mhlaba. Amathambeka akhiwa ezindaweni eziqethuke kakhulu.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamashumi

amahlanu eelilitha ngonyaka (>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu

(>5°C)

-Impandle: elisukela eshumini ukuya kumashumi

amane (10%-40%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele– apho

amatye neembokodo zitholakala kalula khona.

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Angange hectare enye ukuya ku 0.1 ubukhulu bendawo

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi

indleko/amaxabiso aphansi

-Kulula ukuqonda wenze nokukugcina, ubunzima

busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

Amatye ethambeka enzelwe uba kulimeke amasimi.

Amathambeka angenziwa futhi kusetynziswa amavili

amadala ezindaweni apho amatye anqabileyo.

Umboniso wethambeka eliqethukileyo apho kwenziwe khona

ithambeka elilungele imveliso yombona kulingana namashumi

amabini kwamaphesenti ukuqethuka kwethambeka (20%).Umboniso wethambeka elisezingeni legadi kwithambeka

eli

ethuke kan

amashumi amane

(

~40% slo

)

4.4 IKUPHUCULWA KOKUVUNDISWA KOMHLABA

Ukuphucula ukuvunda komhlaba kubaluleke kuwo wonke amanqanaba okusebenza ngalomxholo.

Iindlela zokwenza ziquka ezi:

- Ukwandisa umgquba; ukuphucula umgangatho womgquba ngokuqokelela umgquba

wasesibayeni oqulethe umchamo; apho ingca okanye iindiza zisetyenziselwa ukwendlalwa

ziphinde zifunjwe ukuya phezulu kuphinde kogqunywe eyomfumba ngengca okanye

amaplastiki. Oku kugcinwa kangenensku ezintlanu ukuya kwezisixhenxe phambi kokuba

kusetyenziswe.

- Ukwengeza isivundiso; umaleko wezinto ezomileyo, izinto eziluhlaza, umgquba kunye

nomhlaba owakhelweyo waphinde wamanziswa kakuhle.

- Iintsalela zesivuno; (kusukela kwizityalo, iingca, izityalo ezinemidumba, iibrassicas nama

iichenopods) kunye,

- Nesigquma mhlaba esenziwe sanzulu okanye sigqunywe ngamashithi.

Ukufumana umthombo wezivundisi mhlaba ezinamazinga aphezulu ezondlo eziyimfuneko ezinjenge

nitrojini kunye nekhabhoni kubalulekile. Ezinye Zeensalela zesivuno kunye nemigquba nazo

ziqukethe izinga eliphezulu leezimpawu ezisemqoka zeenyutriyenti eziluhlobo lwe poteziyam

(comfrey) kunye nesilikhoni (stinging nettle).

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amahlanu nangaphansi kwewaka

elimakhulu amabilni eelilitha ngonyaka (>350mm <1200/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: elisukela kwisihlanu ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu (5%-25%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele– nangona umhlaba osisihlabathi kakhulu

okanye ongumdongwe kakhulu kulukhuni ukuwulawula.

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Angange hectare engaphansi

kuka 0.1 ukuya kwenye

nangaphezulu kwezimbini

ubukhulu bendawo (<0,1ha, 0,1-1ha, >2ha).

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi-

-Ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

Ibhokhwe kunye nengca

ebekelweyo ukuphucula manyolo.

Imfumba yesivundiso senzewe ngokwelekwa kweensalela zesivuno ezomileyo neziseluhlaza.

Umgquba kunye nomhlaba omanziswe kakuhle wagqiba wogqunywa.

iComfrey, iinstalela zengca, zombona kanye nomxube osakhulayo wezityalo (ujongilanga, iimillet kanye nemdumba weDolichos)

4.5 UKUTYALA IMIDUMBA KUNYE NOMANYOLA WOHLAZA

Imidumba ibalulekile, njengoba iphinde ilungise initrogen esuka emoyeni iphinde iphucule ukuchuma

komhlaba kunye nempilo yomhlaba ukulungiselela isivuno esisendaweni kunye nesiyakubakhona.

Ziyakwazi ukutyaleka kunye nezinye izityalo ndawonye okanye zijikeleziswe. Umzekelo wemidumba

elunga kwelifudumeleyo ixesha lonyaka iquka intlobo-ntlobo zembotyi: imbotyi eneswekile (sugar

beans), imbotyi enabayo (runner beans), ii-ertyisi (cowpea), (Jugo beans), iinqoba (ground nuts),

(lablab), (velvet beans), iilentile, lusini (lucerne), ujongilanga (sun hemp). Umzekelo wemidumba

elungele ixesha lonyaka elipholileyo aquka; ii-ertyisi (peas), imbotyi ezixandayo (broad beans), ivetshi

(vetch), kunye nefula (clover).

Umanyola wohlaza uye utyalelwe ukuba uxutywe ugqumathelwe emhlabeni, nje phambi kokuba

udubule oko kwandisa izondlo (eziquka unitrojini) ezingengezwa emhlabathini ukulungiselela izityalo

ezifana nezi zilandelayo. Umanyola wohlaza ixesha elininzi uye wenziwe ngemiduba (aquka ivetshi

nefula), iinkozo kunye nengca (ezifana nehabile emnyama kunye nefula yesityalo esifana

nengqolowa), imihlobo ethile yemifuno (brassicas) (efana nefula lomfuno othile onegaqa

eliqhwethayo, iiteniphu, mastadi kunye nekhanola) kunye nezityalo zohlaza ezifana nokhula

ezinevumbana elithile (chenopods) (kuquka kuzo i-amarantasi) (Amaranthus).

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amahlanu anamashumi amahlanu nangaphansi kwewaka

elimakhulu amabilni eelilitha ngonyaka (>350mm <1200/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: elisukela kwisihlanu ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu (5%-25%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele– nangona umhlaba osisihlabathi kakhulu

okanye ongumdongwe kakhulu kulukhuni ukuwulawula.

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Angange hectare engaphansi kuka 0.1 ukuya kwenye nangaphezulu kwezimbini ubukhulu

bendawo (<0,1ha, 0,1-1ha, >2ha).

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi-

-Ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

Iertyisi ethile ityalwe

ngokudibanisa kunye nombona.

Imidumba yedolitshosi engu lebu-

lebu (Dolichos (lab-Lab)) yeembotyi

ityalelwa umanyola wohlaza

njengesityalo sokukhusela ityalwe

ngokujikeleziswa nombona

Umanyola wohlaza osisityalo sokukhusela,

kwixesha lonyakaelibandayo- ihabile ye-

Saia, ifula lesityalo esifana nengqolowa

(rye) kunye nefula lomfuno othile onegaqa

Imbot

i enaba

i-amarantasi

iluseni kun

e nefula elibovu.

4.6 IMISELE YEBHEDI ZOKUTYALA

Ezi ziibhedi zegadi ezinzulu, ezembelweyo zaphinde zazalisekiswa zagqunyathelwa zezinto

zokuvundisa ezicholwe endawe yazo

- Ibhedi yembiwa ibe ngamashumi asithandathu ukuya kwasibhozo eesentimitha (60-80cm)

ubunzulu, kungaba yimitha enye (1m) ububanzi kanye nokusukela kwimitha enye ukuza

kwezilishumi (1-10m) ubude.

- Izalisekisiwe zintlobo-ntlobo zezichumisi, umgquba, izinto ezomileyo, umanyola wohlaza

kunye nomhlabathi.

- Omnye umeleko ungadibanisa iitoti ngaphansi ukwenzela i-ayoni kunye nokubamba amanzi

- Amathambo, izikhumba kunye neentsiba zingafakwe ukwenza isichumiso sika fosforasi (P).

- Uthuthu nalo lungengezwa ukwenzela ipotaziyam (K)

- Ibhedi yakhiwa iphakame ibe sisigingqinyana, elityaliweyo saphinde safulelwa ngesogquma

mhlaba okanye isigcina kufuma emhlabeni.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amahlanu eelilitha ngonyaka

(>350mm <1200/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: elilinganiswa ku-0.5 ukuya kwisihlanu (>0.5%-5%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi

-Angange hectare engaphansi kuka 0.1 (<0,1ha),

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi-

-Kulula ukwenza nokugcina lomsebenzi, kepha ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

Imisele yembiwa ukusukela kuwashumi

asithandathu ukuya kwimitha enye ukubanzi .

Trenches are dug 60cm-1m deep. Umeleko

ongaphantsi wenziwe ngeetoti ezindala okanye

branches

Emva koko umeleko wezichumisi nawo

wongezelwe- umzekelo umbona, amadiza,

amagqabi, ukhula kunye nengca.

Emva koko umeleko womgquba

uyongezwa, ulandelwe ngumhlaba

ngaphezulu. Ngako ke oku

kuyamanziswa kwaye lenkqubo

iqalqa phantsi kwakhona iphinde

Xa kufumaneka, umeleko wezichumisi zohlaza ekuquka kuzo

ukhula

ama

abi

ama

xolo neentsalela zemifuno.Iibhedi zemisele zakhiwa zibenodonga oluphakemeyo kube

nomsele urhangqileyo apha emacaleni futhi kubekhona

isigingqi ngaphakathi apho kutyalwa khona imbewu okanye

izithole.

4.7 IMISELE EMIFISHANE

Imisele emifutshane yiyona elushicilelo olulula lwemisele yeebhedi. Aye embiwe

kangangamasentimitha angamashumi amathathu agcqaliswe ngumxube wezichumisi, imigquba,

iintsalela zezityalo ezomileyo kunye neziluhlaza. Kuye ke konke kugcwaliswe kugqunywe ngomhlaba

kugqibe kutyalwe.

Lemisele emifutshane iqhele ukusetyenziswa xa kwenziwa imijelo nemimmango, oko kunika imigca

emide emxinwa equkethe umhlaba ochumileyo– okufaneleka kakhulu ezigadini ezinkulu

nasemasimini. Okwe misele, isigcina kufuma emhlabeni sibalulekile, njengoba kutyala ngokuxubanisa

okanye ngokutshintshanisa. Ezibhedi zihlala iminyaka emithathu ukuya kwesibhozo ngaphambi

kokuba idinge ukufulelwa kwakhona ngokwalekqubo.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amahlanu eelilitha ngonyaka

(>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: elilinganiswa ku-0.5 ukuya kwisihlanu (>0.5%-5%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi

-Angange hectare engaphansi kuka 0.1 (<0,1ha),

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi-

-Kulula ukwenza nokugcina lomsebenzi, kepha ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

Ukwemba umsele emfitshane

ongangamasentimitha angamashumi

amathathu ububanzi kunye neshumi

elinantlanu kwimigca yeekhonto

ensimini.

Ukuqalisa ukugcwalisa lomsele

ngomgquba, imvucu eyomileyo neluhlaza

yezityalo. materialIgadi enemisele emifitshane kunye nenzulu yeebhedi

ityalwe n

okuxubanisa kunye nesifumisi mhlaba.

4.8 IZANGQA ZOKUTYALA

Ezi zizingqa ezincinane, ibhedi zakhona ziphindaphindiweyo ukwembiwa oku kwengezelwa

nomgquba, okanye isivundisi. Amanzi ziwathola ngokungcengcetshelelwa kusetynziswa ibhotile

elinganiselwa kwiililitha ezimbini enemingxunyana evuliweyo emacaleni, yaze yatyalelwa emacaleni

ayo.

Ezi zangqa zifaneleke ezigadini ezincinyane kwaye ziye zisetyenziselwe ukufunda nokuziqhelanisa

nokulima ngengqubo ezothi izise inzuzo yokwandisa ubunzulu bomhlaba ekulinywa kuwo ukwenzela

iingcambu, umsoco womhlaba, izagquma okanye ezigcina kufuma emhlabeni kunye namanzi

okunkcenkcetshela, kukonke kulawuleke.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amahlanu eelilitha ngonyaka

(>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: elilinganiswa ku-0.5 ukuya kwisihlanu (>0.5%-5%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi

-Angange hectare engaphansi kuka 0.1 (<0,1ha),

-Kusetsenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, futhi indleko/amaxabiso aphansi-

-Kulula ukwenza nokugcina lomsebenzi, kepha ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

Ukumbiwa kwezi-zangqa ezincinane, ukusukela

kwimitha enye ukuya kwezingu 1.5 isinqumla

sangqa sakhona, kwaye zingamashumi

amathathu ubunzulu kune neshumi elinantlanu

eliye libekwe ukuze lisetyenziselwe ukuxuma

umgquba, ngaphambi kokubuyiselwa

kwalomhlaba wonke nawo oxutywe nomgquba

okanye izichumisi

Umboniso wesisangqa opheleleyo, urangqwe

ngamatye amancinane. Iinkuni ezingumbhoxo

ukwenyuka zisetyenziselwe ukutyala ukunceda

izityalo ezikhula zibambelele ngento

ekufutshane ukwenyuka ekuquka kuzo

iitomato.

Isangqa esincinane, sifakelwe isifudumezi

mhlaba, kunye neelitha ezimbini zebhotile

ebekelwe Phakathi nendawo kwagqiba

kwatyalwa amachiza.

4.9 IQONDO LOKUJOLISWA NOKUBHEKELELA EKUSETYENZISWENI KWEZICHUMISI NEKALIKA

Izichumisi ziye zongezwe ngokwezicwangciso ezisekelwe ngaphezu kwesimo sokuchuma

salowomhlaba, zijoliswe bucala nesityalo esikhulayo okuyindlela esebenza kangcono

kunokuhlwanyelwa okanye usasazwe. Oku kulondoloza indlela yokusebenzisa ezichumisi kwaye

kuphinde kubonelele ngesichumisi kuphela apho kunemfuneko khona, kukukwandisa ubuchule

bokusebenzise izichumise ngokwaneleyo. Ikalika yona ingafakwa kwisidibi okanye kumqolo

ukubhekelela umhlaba ongaphezulu- ukuthomalalisa i-asidi emhlabeni kwaye kugcine i-asidi

yomhlaba iphansi, okanye ikalika ingalinywa emasimini ngaphambi kokungenelela kohlelo luka CA.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amane anamashumi amahlanu eelilitha ngonyaka

(>450mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: elilinganiswa ku-1.5 ukuya eshumini (>1.5%-10%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele, kuxhomekeke kwisisekelo sezicwangciso

zezichumisi

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Angange hectare engaphansi kuka 0.1 (<0,1ha), kubephakathi kuka 0.1 ukuya kwenye,

nangaphezulu kweehezimbini

-Iindleko/amaxabiso aphakathi nendawo-unciphiso loncedo oluvela ngaphandle luphunyezwa

kukusebenza ngobuchule

-Ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

Ukufaka ikalika kwizidibi ngokomlinganiselo

wesiciko sebhotile

Ukufakwa kwezichumisi (i-LAN) ngaphansi

kangangeesentimitha ezimbini kude nembewu.

Ukutyala kwikalika ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ulimo lolondolozo

emakha

Ukusetyenziswa kwekalika ngaphezulu komhlaba

ozot

ala imbot

Ukusebenzisa iplantara

ekuncediseni ukwahlukanisa

imbewu nezichumisi ngexesha

elin

Isilinganiselo sezichumisi

ngetispuni

4.10 IMINGXUMA YE ZAI/OKUZIZIGINGQI ZOKUTYALA

I-zai ingumgxuma wokutyala, imvamisa iye ibe ngamashumi amabini ukuya kwamane eesentimitha

ukuvuleka, kwaye ibe lishuma ukuya kumashumi amabini eesentimitha ubunzulu. Le mingxuma ye

Zai ukubamba amanzi emvula kunye namanzi abaleka ngaphezulu komhlaba kwaye ikhusele imbewu

kunye nomsoco womhlaba kukhukhuliseko. Iphinde futhi ibe luncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukufikeleleka

kwamanzi nezondlo kwizityalo. Imingxuma iye imbiwe ebusika. Lomhlaba ukhutshwayo uye unyuswe

wenze ummango orangqileyo busangqa ukuphucula umthamo wamanzi ongathi ugcinwe yile

mingxuma. Ngemva kokumba imingxuma, umanyola wesivundisi uye ufakwe ngomyinge,

ekucetyiswa ukuba ulinganiselwe ku 0.6kg umgxuma ngamnye kwaye, ngemva kokuna kwemvula,

indima iye igqumathelwe ngomeleko ophityileyo womhlaba kwaye imbewu ibekwa phathi nendawo

emngxunyeni.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amahlanu eelilitha ngonyaka

(>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: elilinganiswa ku-1.5 ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu (>1.5%-25%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele (ongxenye inomdongwe olinganiselwa

kwisihlanu ukuya kumashumi amathathu) (5-30%), kunye nangaphezulu kwamashumi

amathathu eesentimitha ubunzulu (>30cm)

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Kubephakathi kuka 0.1 ukuya kwihekthare enye, nangaphezulu (0,1ha-1ha, >1ha)

-Iindleko/amaxabiso aphansi, kwaye kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni

-Kulula ukwenza nokugcinwa, ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

Imingxunya ye-Zai eKenya, ityalwe umbona yaphinde yenzelwa isigcina kufuma emhlabeni ukwandisa izinga lokubamba

ubumanzi kunye nomhlaba ochumileyo (isuselwe ku-permies.com, 2017)

Imingxunya ye-Zai yembiwe endaweni yokhukhuliseko,

nezinto zesivundiso esezilungele ukufakwa added (isuselwe

ku- Chris Reij), 20100

Umbona otyalwe kwimingxunya ye-Zai, e-Kenya (isuselwe ku-

Inadesforum.net)

4.11 ULIMO LOKULONDOLOZA (CA)

Ingqubo yokulima amasimi kusetyenziswa lemithetho sisekelo elandelayo:

xUkuphazanyiswa komhlaba kancinane, ukulinywa, kepha

kuvulwa nje umngxunyana ekufakwa kuwo imbewu, kwenziwe

izidibi kunye nemiqolo

xUkugqumathelwa komhlaba, iintshalela zesivuno zishiywa

ngaphezu komhlaba njengesogqumi okanye isigcina kufuma

emhlabeni, kwaye izityalo zigcinwa ensimini ixesha elide

ukukhusela izityalo eziphilayo.

xUkutyala ngokutshintshanisa, ngokuxuba, nangojikelezisa

kunye nokutyala ubandakanye umxube wezityalo zasebusika

nezasehlobo.

Lengqubo yolimo lokulondoloza eyaziwa ngelika-CA, iphucula impilo

yomhlaba kunye nokuchuma komhlaba, imveliso kunye nomthama

wokubamba amanzi omhlaba. Inciphisa ukubaleka kwamanzi

ngaphezu komhlaba kunye nokhukhuliseko ngokunjalo nezinga

lobushushu bomhlaba. Inciphisa uqhekeko kunye nokuqinelana

komhlaba.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamashumi

amahlanu eelilitha ngonyaka (>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: elilinganiswa ku-1.5 ukuya kwishumi elinesihlanu (>1.5%-15%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele (ongxenye inomdongwe olinganiselwa

kwisihlanu ukuya kumashumi amathathu enesihlanu epesenti) (5-35%)

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Kubengaphansi kuka 0.1 ehekthare ukuya kwihekthare ephakathi kuka 0.1 ukuya kwenye,

nangaphezulu kwezimbi (<0.1ha, 0.1-1ha, >2ha)

-Iindleko/amaxabiso aphakathi nendawo (aquka imbewu, umanyola,kunye neekhemikhali

zezolimo), iimatshini zokulima, kepha kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni.

-Ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

UMGAQO SISEKELO WOKUQALA: Ukuphazanyiswa komhlaba kancinane

Iitlobo-ntlobo zeeplantara; i-Mbli (

igaba),i-Haraka (ivili), i-Matracca (jab)

kunye neplantara etsalwa zinkabi (i-

Kna

ik- n

ezansi

)

Ukutyala ngemijelo nezigingqi ngezandla kusetyenziswa igaba kunye

lantara

e-MBLI– n

handle kokulima

Itrekta/iteletele ivula imiqolo emibini ngeplantara

engawuphethuliyo umhlaba.

Ukusetyenziswa kweplantara enevili i-Haraka – Le plantara ikwazi

ukutyala iintlobo-ntlobo zeembewu, kodwa ayivumelani nokufakwa

kwezichumisi n

axeshan

Ukusetyenziswa kweplantara i-Knappick

engawuphethuliyo umhlaba idonswa ngeenkabi.

UMGAQO SISEKELO WESIBINI: Ukugqumathelwa komhlaba

UMGAQO SISEKELO WESITHATHU: Ukutyala ngokutshintshanisa nokuhlukanisa

Umbona kunye nembotyi zityalwe ngokuxutyaniswa-kusetyenziswe

imiqolo ephindwe kabini kwaye kunciphisiwe ukuvuleka

Umbona kunye ne ertyisi ethile zityalwe ngokuxutyaniswa-

kusetyenziswe imiqolo ephindwe kabini kwaye kunciphisiwe

ukuvuleka

Izityalo zasebusika; i-saia/ihabile emnyama,

ifula lohlobo oluthile lwamazimba (sogam),

kunye nefula lomfuno othile onegaqa

eli

hwetha

Izityalo zasehlobo; ujongilanga, i-millet

kunye ne-Sun hemp

Imbotyi ye-Lab-Lab (i-dolichos),

Amanzi acocekileyo

agijima kwindawo

yokulima (amashumi

Amanzi agijimayo

amdaka

(angangekhulu

Indawo yolimo lokulondoloza kunye neentsalela

zesivuno. Amanzi abalekayo asuka kwindawo

yokulima acocekileyo futhi mancinane

Isigquma mhlaba ekuncedeni ukufumisa

umhlaba kwindawo yolimo

ngokulondoloza ukubonelela

eku

umatheleni umhlaba.

Umhlaba ogqumathelwe kakuhle

ngeentsalela yezivuno

Indawo yokulima engenazo iintsalela

zesivuno. Amanzi amaninzi angcolileyo

abaleka entsimini.

4.12 UKUTYALA NGOKUCAZULULA

Ukutyala ngokucazulula kukulima apho izityalo ezahlukeneyo zihlwayelwe kwimigca ehlukeneyo

ukuthintela ukhukhuliseko mhlaba kwaye kulungiselelwe ukufikeleleka kwezityalo kwizondlo

kwizityalo. Ukutyala ngokucazulula imigca kufanele ukuba kungqamleze ithambeka okanye iikhonto.

Izityalo zidinga ukukhethwa ukuze zixubane ebunzilwini beengcambu zazo kunye nezondlo

eziyimfuneko. Ukutyala izityalo ezineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi kulicebo elihle. Ulwazi

ngeentlobo zezityalo zamahlathi ekuquka kuzo imidumba yamahobe (Pigeon Pea), imoringa

(Moringa), i-Sesbania sesban, i-Leuceana nokunye kusebenza kakuhle. Iintlobo zengca eziquka

ivetiva, ingca elamuni (lemon grass) kunye nefula le nephiya (Napier) nakho kungasetyenziswa,

ngokunjalo nomxube wengca irhodes-smutsfinger (Digitaria),i-Paspalum notatum kunye ne-Tall

Fescue.

IIMFUNEKO

-Imvula: engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amahlanu eelilitha ngonyaka

(>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Impandle: elilinganiswa ku-1.5 ukuya kwishumi elinesihlanu (1.5%-15%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo lomhlaba lukulungele (ongxenye inomdongwe olinganiselwa

kwisihlanu ukuya kumashumi amathathu enesihlanu epesenti) (5-35%)

UPHUNYEZO

- Kufanele ubenegadi, amasimi

-Kubengaphansi kuka 0.1 ehekthare ukuya kwihekthare ephakathi kuka 0.1 ukuya kwenye,

nangaphezulu kwezimbi (<0.1ha, 0.1-1ha, >2ha)

-Iindleko ziphantsi (kuquka imbewu, kunye nezixhobo zasekuhlaleni).

-Ubunzima busemsebenzini ekumele wenziwe.

Ukulima ngokucazulula kudibanisa umbona i-

Pas

alum kun

e ne-Di

itaria

Ukulima ngokucazulula kudibanisa i-Pigeon pea/i-

Leuceana kunye nombona.

Ingca elinywe ngokucazulula kwiikhonto phakathi kombona

Ukulima ngokucazulula kudibanisa umbona kunye ne-luseni okanye i-

Les

edeza

5 ULAWULO LWEZITYALO (IINDLELA ZOKULIMA, IZITYALO EZINEMPILO,UCAKACO KUNYE

NEMVELISO YEZIQHAMO)

5.1 UMANYOLA WAMANZI LIQUID MANURES

Umanyolo wamanzi zizicatshulwa zamanzi ezenziwa ngemfucuza yezilwanyane okanye izityalo,

ezivubelweyo zaphinde zaxutywa, zacocwa ngaphambi kokuba zisetyenziswe ezityalweni okanye

kumhlaba orhongqe izityalo njengendlela yokwengezelela nokuphucula ukuchuma komhlaba.

Umanyolo wamanzi uyengeza uphinde ulungelelanise izondlo kwizityalo kwaye iphinde yongeze

imixube yeentsholongwa ezithi zinyuse izinga lokuxhathisa ukulwa nezinga eliphezulu lezifo kunye

nezitshabalalisi kwizityalo.

Umthombe wesiqhelo wemanyolo engamanzi ngumgquba

wezilwanyane (ekukhethwa kuyo ukuba kube ngumgquba

osemtsha, osenentshalela zomchamopreferably)

ngengowenkomo, oweebhokhwe, owamahashe, owegusha

kunye noweenkukhu. Okanye intshalela zezityalo ezifana

nokhula olunamagqabi aluhlaza okubamnyama

(esetyenziselwa initrogen), iziqu zebhanana(kwenzelwa

ipotassium,iphosphate), icomfrey kunye ne-stinging nettle

(zombini ezi zinceda ngo silicon ukuncedisa kwizondlo

ezibalulekileyo (macro nutrients) kunye nezi zincinci

zingabalulekanga kakhulu ukuvimbela izifo kwizityalo). Ezi

ziyezivubelwe ziphinde zicocwe kangango 1:4 ngaphambi

kokuba zisetyenziswe.

UPHUNYEZO:

- Izitiya

-Iihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1

-Amaxabiso aphansi, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasendaweni, mncinci umsebenzi

-Kulula futhi kuyakhawuleza ukuyenza

Ukunkqunkqwa kweziqu zobhanana njengesiseko seti

okanye umngquba wolwelo osekelwe kwizityalo Ukusika ukhula kongeza kumgquba

Umgquba wezilwanyane usetyenziswe njengomanyolo

wamanzi; Iinkukhu, iibhokhwe, iinkomo zenza umanyolo

olunge kakhulu- ikakhulukazi xa esematsha.

Iipheyile ezigcina ezimanyolo

zamanzi zidinga ukuvalwa

ukuthintela umphunga noma

ukulahleka kwezinye zezondlo

nomsoco.

5.2 UKUTYALA NGOKUXUBANISA

Ukutyala ngokuxubanisa endaweni yasegadini, kukudibanisa indle yokutyala izityalo ezahlukeneyo,

ukutyala ngokujikelezisa kunye nokutyala kwemihlobo. Injongo kukuba nezityalo ezahlukeneyo

ezininzi (ekuquka izityalo zamayeza, ezixosha izitshabalalisi kunye nezityalo ezinemisebenzi

emininzi) kangangoko kwinkqubo yakho yokuvelisa iziqhamo kunye nemifuno, unyaka wonke,

ukuqinisekisa ukutya okunempilo, kuphuculwe indlela zokulawula izitshabalalisi, izifo kunye nokhula,

kuphinde kunciphiswe ubungozi bokunqongophala kokutya ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwezityalo.

Ukhetho lwezityalo kuyanyaniswa nezi zilandelayo:

oUkukwazi ukuvuna ukudla kwasegadini okungathi kudliwe ekhayeni ixesha elingangonyaka

wonke.Being able to harvest food from a garden for household use throughout the year. Oku

kutsho ukugxila kwizityalo ezinokuvunwa ixesha elide ekuquka kuzo imifuno enamagqabi

aluhlaza, iletisi enamagqabi aluhlaza, kunye netswele lase ntwasahlobo, iilike kodwa

kuyekwe ukugxilisiswe kwizityalo ezifana neekhaphetshu, amatswele ezikwazi ukuhlala

ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuvelisa ukutya.

oIzityalo izinevithamini-A ephezulu, ezifana nemifuno enamagqabi aluhlaza okumnyama

(ezifana nesipinatshi, nesinaphi, imastadi, i-rape kunye ne-kale, oonomnqatha, uhlaza

lwemvelo (olufana ne-amaranthus kunye namagqabi amathanga), kunye neziqholp (herbs-

ezifana ne-parsley).

oIztyalo ezithintela izitshabalalisi ziquka kuzo ii-coriander, ugalikhi kunye nezinye iziqholi kutya

ezifana nama-rosemary kunye ne-thyme.

oImidumba kumifino etyebileyo ziproteni ezifana nembotyi, iifama (peas) kunye neetheniphu.

oIzityalo zexesha elide nemisebenzi emininzi ezifana nee-wormwood, ingca yelemoni (lemon

grass), i-bulbinella kunye ne-confrey.

oIintyatyambo ezifana nee-marigold kunye ne-calendula.

Ukwengezelela, kuaye uxinzelelo lubekwa ekubeni kunatyalwa izityalo zohlobo olufanayo endaweni

enye ukunciphisa ukwande kwezifo ezixhaphakileyo kuleyondawo kunye nokunciphisa umbango

wezichumisi. Ngakho ke, iitumato, oobrinjolo, amazambane kunye nee-pepper azityalwa endaweni

enye, kanjalo nee brassicas ezifana neekhaphetshu, ii-broccoli, i-cauliflower kunye ne-kale okanye

ezomdiliya ezifana ne-swisschard kunye nebhithiruthi.

Ukutyala ngokujikelezisa kuye kwethulwe ngendlela zombini zokumela izondlo ezinesisindo

ezinjengekhaphetshu kunye nezinesondlo esinesisindo esilula ezifana ne-swiss chard kunye nelethisi,

kunye nendlela eyaziwayo yokujikelezisa amagxolo-iingcambu-imidumba-kunye neziqhamo.

Amaxesha okutyala aye akhiwe malunga nendawo kunye nesimo sezulu sayo.

Ngezansi kuxhoma amaxesha adityanisiweyo enziwe kunye namalunga ase-Limpopo, ekungawo

ebhekana nobusika obutshisayo kunye nehlobo elitshisayo. Kwazulu Natali naseMpumakoloni apha

ubusika Bakhona bupholileyo futhi bubandayo amaxesha okulima aqhelekileyo akulungele ukuba

angasetyenziswa khona.

UPHUNYEZO:

-Izitiya, amasimi

-Iihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1, nengu 0.1 ukuya kwenye nezingaphezulu kwezimbini

-Amaxabiso aphansi (imbewu nezityalo), kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasendaweni,

- Kulula ukuyenza

uMagdelina Malepe

(waseSedawa), ulime i-marigolds,

ithyme, iparsley, ispinatshi kunye

nekale

uChristina Thobejane

(waseSedawa) – ulime umbona, i-

okra, iitumato, ikale kunye

nemari

olds

uPhumelele Hlongwane

(waseZibomvini) – Ibeetroot,

Ispinatshi sesinaphi, itswele

lasentwasa ntlobo kunye

neparsley

uAlex Makgopa (waseSedawa)- ,

itswele lasentwasa, ispinatshi,

onomnqatha kunye nemarigolds

Kwa-Mrs Mcanyana

(waseGobizembe) – u-broccoli,

isipinatshi sasetTshayina,

ispinatshi, i-coriander kunye ne-

marigolds

Imisele eyenza ibhedi zokutyala

nomxube weziqholo, ifennel,

icoriander, iparsley kunye

nemachives

5.3 UKUTYALA NGOKUTSHINTSHANISACROP ROTATION

Ukutyala ngokutshintshanisa yindlela ebalulekileyo yokulawula igadi namasimi. Ukutyala

ngokutshintshanisa kunciphisa izitshabalalisi, nezifo ezakheka emhlabathini nakwindalo engqongileyo

ukulinganisa ukususwa kwezichumisi emhlabeni kwaye iphucule impilo yomhlaba.

Sebenzela ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu

ubuncinane bokujikelezisa ensimini.

Umzekelo ngumbona (esisondlo

esinesisindo) itshintshaniswa nomxube

wezityalo zokugquma (cover crop mix-efana

ne-sun hemp, imillet, kunye nojongilanga)

(izondli ezingenasisindo) zitshintshaniswa

nemidumba, efana (nembotyi eyomileyo,

icowpea kunye nedolichos)

Sebenzela ngaphezu kweminyaka

emithathu ukuya kwemine yamaxesha

okulima ngokutshintshanisa ekuveliseni

imifuno. Indlela enye yelande Inkqubo enye kukuhamba ngokulandela kwezintlelo zikeliswe apha

ngemva kokumba umsele okanye ukongeza umgquba, iziqhamo, amagqabi, iingcambu, imidumba.

5.4 IINDLELA ZENDALO ZOKULAWULA UKHULA NEZINAMBUZANE

Indlela zesintu zokuthintela izinambuzane kunye nezifo kuqiniseko lwenkqubo yokuveliswa kokutya

kumanyene needlela ezidibeneyo kwezi zine zilandelayo:

¾Ukuphuculwa kokuchuma komhlaaba, impilo yomhlaba kunye namandla okubamba amanzi

emhlabeni ukuvelisa izityalo ezinempilo neziqaqambileyo, kusetyenzelwa ngaphezulu

kokuqonda ukuba izityalo ezingaphansi koxinzelelo zisengozini yokungenwa zizifo kunye

nezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo.

¾Ukutyala ngokuxubanisa kunye nococeko lwasegadini, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo

lwezinambuzane ezibhubhisayo kunye nezifo ezithi zenzeke apho kungatyalwanga khona

ngokuxubanisa. Kunye nenokwenzeka ngokuthi kusuleleke konke kunye nokuphinda

ukusuleleka ngokuqikilela ukususa izozityalo zinesifo, kuphinde kususwe insusela

yezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo. Kuphinde kwandiswe ubukho bamarhamncwa kunye

neenyosi okukokwendalo exhaphakileyo yezinambuzane zeegadi.

¾Ukutyalwa kweentlobo zezityalo ezinemisebenzi emininzi, kuko kokubini kunyaka wonke

kunye nezingapheliyo, ukufaka izityalo ezizigxothayo izitshabalalisi, kwaye ezilawula

izitshabalalisi ngendlela. Ezi zifaka:

oIintyatyambo ezifana ne marigolds kunye nee-calendula

oIziqholo ezifana namalavenda (lavender) ii-rosemary,i-corinda, i-coriander, i-parsley,

1-thyme, i-fennel, i-basil, i-rocket, ingca yelamuni kunye neekonofile lemon grass and

garlic chives;

oIintlobo zezityalo zamachiza/zonyango okanye amayeza ezifana ne-wormwood

bulbine kunye ne bulbinella okuziintlobo zezityalo ezifana nekhala (aloe spp), i-

comfrey, i-stinging nettle;

oKunye nemithi yemidumba efana ne-Sesbania sesban, i-moringa, udali (pigeon pea)

kunye ne-Acacia spp.

¾Ukwenza iti noma ukuvubela utywala ngezitshabalalisi kunye nezifo ube ube usebenzisa

iindlela zokulawula izifo nezigulo. Nazi iindlela eziqhelekileyo zasemakhaya zokulawula izifo

nezitshabalalisi ziquka ukudibanisa upelepele, igalikhi, itswele kunye nesepha eluhlaza (oku

kunceda kwizitshabalalisi ezithambileyo njengeentwala), uparafini, itswele (ezi

zisetyenziselwa izitshabalalisi ezinemizimba eqinileyo ezifana noonoqongqothwane

neetotoviyane), icuba (lisetyenziselwa kuphela kuhlaselo olubi kakhulu nolusindayo). Kodwa

ke kukhona ezinye iindlela futhi.

UPHUNYEZO:

- Izitiya, amasimi

-Iihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1, nengu 0.1 ukuya kwenye

-Amaxabiso aphansi, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasendaweni,

-Kulula ukuya phakathi nendawo ukuyenza kwaye kudinga ulwazi olunzulu

Integrated garden management; water and soil management, diversified crops,

ildl i

Pest predators control pests by ingesting

them and or laying eggs

Umbelliferae – such as onions and

leeks attract pest predators- e.g.

Pest control brews; soap chilli garlic mixes,

paraffin and onions mixes – for soft bodied insects

Marigolds protect against root knot nematodes

Umzekelo: ngogalikhi

INDLELA YOKWENZA:

Ungqungqa iiclove inkcoleke, (i-bulb enye, okanye ezimbini eziphakathi nendawo) uyicwinise

etispunini ezimbini zamafutha usuku lonke okanye kwiparafini insuku ezimbini. Sebenzisa ingqayi

yeglasi, hayi inkonxa. Dibanisa nesiqingatha selitha yamanzi nesepha, uhluze. Dibanisa oku ukwenze

kwisiqephu sokuqala neenxalenye ezilishumi zamanzi, ukusebenzise njengetshiza. Yixukuze kakuhle

ngaphambi kouba uyisebenzise.

Kujoliswe:

Kwizitshabalalisi gabalala: Iingcongconi, iintwala, iimpukane, iimpethu, amakhalane,

iimbovane, oonoqongqothwane, iimopane, iinundu ezibizwa ngokuba yidayimbackback,

ubuxoki,bokubamba iintaka, iigrub, iimites, iiborer zeepesika, kunye neentubi.

I-fungi: ukhwekhwe, ukungunda, umhlwa weembotyi, iswekile yetumato.

i-alternaria – ukubola kweziqhamo,i-blotch emfusa, kunye namabala kumagqabi.

i-Cercospora– Ukungunda kwamagqabi, amabala kumagqabi, imigqobho.

i-Colletotrichurn – amabala emagqabini, i-anthracnose, ukubola kweziqhamo, ukutshiza.

Intsholongwane: i-Xanthomonas spp.

Izibungu zokufaka izinambuzane

kunye nenundu ekungezo zenyani

Amabhola egalikhi

Igciwane (Bacterial blight) kumaqunube

ebangelwa yi-Xanthomonas campestris

Iimpawu ze-anthracnose (ezibangelwa

yiColletotrichum) kwisiqhamo secapsicum

5.5 ULAWULO LOKHULA OLUMANYENEYO

Ukhulanalo luzizityalo, zamaxesha onke (unyaka wonke okanye

ixesha elide), iye ikhule kakuhle, ikhululekile ndawo zonke

emadlelweni kunye nasezitiyeni iphinde ibangisane nezityalo

ngezondlo nezichumisi, amanzi kunye nendawo.

Isimo sezulu kunye nomhlaba owahluka-hlukeneyo, iindlela zokulima

kunye nokuhlakula zixela ukuba hlobo luthile lokhula Luyanda kwaye

lubenzima ukuhlakuleka. Umzekelo, ingca yamantongomane kunye

nee-sedges zilunga kumhlaba wodongwe kwaye ingathatha indawo

ngokupheleleyo xa ukhula lulawulwa ngendlela ngokuba lusikwe

ngaphezulu xalukhulayo kuphela, ngekhuba. olukhula

luyaphindaphindana ikakhulukazi kwii-ckhorms ngaphansi komhlaba.

Ukhula olundlongondlongo lonyaka olufana ne-black jack kunye ne-

Amaranthus ithatha indawo xa ukhula lwamva kwixesha lokutyala

ingasuswanga, ngengoba imbewu ikhula isabalakefuthi imbewu

ingaphila ixesha elide lwamaxesha esomiso.

Ukumanyanisa ulawulo lokhula kudibanisa inani leendlela

eazahlukiliyo ezifana nokuphucula ubume bomhlaba kunye nempilo

yomhlaba, isigquma nesifudumezi mhlaba, izityalo zokwegquma,

ukutyala ngokujikelezisa kunye nokunciphisa izithuba xa utyala.

Idibanisa iikhemikhali kunye neendlela zoomatshini zokulawula

ukhula. Ukwenza umgquba nako kuyalubulala ukhula, kwaye xa

yenziwe ngendlela, inganciphisa imbewu eninzi yokhula endaweni.

Ukuhlakula ixesha selidlulile, ukunciphisa imbewu yokhula onyakeni

kubaluleke kakhulu.

UPHUNYEZO:

-Izitiya, amasimi

-Iihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1, nengu 0.1 ukuya kwenye

-Amaxabiso aphansi, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasendaweni,

-Kulula ukuya phakathi nendawo ukuyenza kwaye kudinga ulwazi olunzulu

Indawo yokutyala eyongamelwe zii-nut grass-

ngenxa yokuphindelela ukutyala ngekhuba

njengendlela yokumelana nokhula

Indawo elinywe umbona nembotyi ngendlela

yokulima izityalo ezahlukileyo, apho ukhula

selengamele izityalo.

Ukuvundisa umhlaba ngomgquba kuyayibulala imbewu

yokhulakwaye yindlela enhle yokulungisa umanyolo ngaphambi

kokuba usetyenziswe njengoba ibuye inyuse isisindo sezondlo

kuman

olo.

Ukuvala izithuba nokutyala phakathi kwezityalo kukhusela izityalo

ukuba zingongamelwa lukhula– Kwesokudla ngumbona otyalwe

wanesithuba esincinci kukhona nokhula oluncinci,

akwesokunxele n

umbona ot

alwe nezithuba ezikhulu-

iDock (ngezansi ikhombisa umhlaba omuncu, i-amaranthus

(ngasentla kwesokunxele) ikhombisa umhlaba ovundileyo

onesakhiwo esibi. Umhlabangula (kwesokudla ngasentla

ungathatha izichumisi ezitholakalayo zezityalo)

Ii-Sedges and kunye nee-nutgrass zikhomba ukunqongophala

komoya emhlabathini, ngenxa yokucinana nokungabikho esimeni

kwesakhiwo somhlaba.

5.6 UKHULISO LWEZITYALO ELUGCINWENI ZIPHINDE ZICAKAZWE

Ukhuliso nocakazo lwezityalo emakhayeni (imifuno, iziqholo kunye neziqhamo) kunye nezityalo

ezinemisebenzi emininzi (amachiza, kunye nezixhobo zokulawula izitshabalalisi) ukusukela embewini,

ukusika, ukwehlukanisa, i-buld kunye namaKorms zibalulekile ukugcina ziphinde zinyuse

ukwahlukana egadini. Azidinge zixhobo zikhethekileyo, kulindeleke ukutyala phakathi, ukutyala

iibhegi, kunye nokutyala izithole kwiitreyi. Kwaye ingaphinde ilungiselelwe ngaphansi komthunzi

womthi wasekhaya.

Iibhedi zokutyala izithole ziye zenziwe zibe ngamashumi amathathu ukuya kwamathandathu

eesentimitha ubunzulu kunye nomgquba omninzi (onjengomanyola, nomgquba) kwaye kumele

zibesemthunzini ukugcina imbewu ifumile (kodwa ingabimanzi), ngamaxesha okumila kwembewu

kunye nangexesha zisencinci. Ukumilisa ukhulise izithole ngeetreyi kudinga ulawulo olukhulu kwaye

kunzima okwenza lemveliso ibe ngokwemvelo (organically). Kodwa kungcono futhi kulula kakhulu

ukukhulisa izithole zakho ngamaqela ubuye uuwatshintshe uwaxakaca ukusukela apho.

UPHUNYEZO:

- Izitiya,

-Iihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1

-Amaxabiso aphakathi nenda (imbewu, izityalo, kunye nee-containers), kusetyenziswa

izixhobo zasendaweni,

- Inomsebenzi omninzi

Imveliso yezithole endawe evundiswe ngomgquba kakuhle kwenziwa

iibhedi zokutyala nomthunzi nesakhiwo seplastiki ukuvikela izithole.

Isakhiwo esenziwe ngomnatha

sanomthunzi senzelwe ukucazwa

kwemifuno kunye neziqholo.

Ii-Tubs nezitya

zokukhongozela

zingasetyenziswa-

kulula ukuzilawula

nokuziphatha

Umwoba noomango becakacwe phansi kwi-

nurseries ezincinci.

Inursarries ezincinci zasemakhaya ngaphansi

komthunzi wemithi zenzelwa ukucakacwa

kweziqhamo, kwemithi enemisebenzi emininzi ,

iizihlahla neziqholo (shrubs and herbs). Iimango,

iMoringa zikhuliswa apha.

5.7 UKUGCINWA KWEMBEWU

Ukugcinwa kwembewu kuyindlela eqhelekileyo kubalimi akasebancinci kunye nakubahlali. Imbewu

igcinwa unyaka omnye ukuya kolandelayo ngenxa yobunzima obuya busenyuka besimo sendawo

zokukhulisa imbewu. Ngezinga eliphezulu, abalimi amancinci bazothenga imbewu bazame ukuyigcina

ecaleni kwimbewu yezityalo evuniweyo; into exela ukuba kobakhona umtsalane omkhulu

ekutholakaleni kwembewu yemveli. Ukugcinwa kwembewu kuyinkrubo ebalulekileyo kakhulu

ekugcineni imbewu yesintu/yemveliso ikhuselekile kwaye kwaye nabalimi bancamela iintlobo

ezahlukeneyo ekungazona izityalo zohlobo, ezisilungeleyo isimo sezulu, izifo kunye nezinambuzane

zasekuhlaleni.

Izinto ekumele uzihlalise engqondweni yakho xa ubeka imbewu zezi zilandelayo:

¾Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza (izilwane ezincedisayo ngomungu (pollen)) ngakukhulisa intlobo

ezininzi zeentyatyambo zezityalo futhi zigcinwe zizintlobo-ntlobo ezahlukileyo ngaphakathi

nangaphandle ukurhangqa igadi namasimi kuphinde kunciphise ukusetyenziswa

kwezinambuzane.

¾Ngcin imbewu yezityalo ezomeleleyo nezinempilo kuphela, ungaze ugcine imbewu yezityalo

ezibholayo (seeding eary)

¾Khetha phakathi kwezityalo ezintandathu ukuya kwezilishumi elinane ozobeka imbewu yazo.

¾Ungaze ubeke imbewu yezityalo ezinesifo okanye ezigulayo

¾Imbewu kumele ivuthwe futhi yome esityalweni kangangoko

¾Izityalo ekulula ukuba zichumisane zizodwakumele zahlukaniswe (umzekelo ngee-brassica,

umbona, iipepa (peppers) kunye nopelepele, amathanga,ilethasi nezinye) endaweni okanye

exesheni okanye zivalelwe olugcinweni (use caging).

UPHUNYEZO:

-Izitiya, amasimi

-Iihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1, nengu 0.1 ukuya kwenye

-Amaxabiso aphansi, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasendaweni,

-Kulula ukuyenza nokuyigcina kodwa kubuye kusebenzise kwaye kudinga ulwazi olunzulu

Igadi yokuvelisa imbewu, nesakhiwo sokugcina, kunye

nesithandathu ukuya kwishumi elinesibini lohlobo

ngalunye kwiintlobo ezininzi zezityalo zokubeka imbewu

zityalwe ndawonye ukunciphisa ukuba zisasazelane

Ukusasaza ngezandla kombona

ukuvelisa imbewu ezokhethwa.

Isityalo sikapelepele esivalelweyo

ukuqinisekisa imbewu enkcolekileyo

ukuba ingaba luhlobo

Iintyatyambo nezityalo ukuqhakazisa

usasazeko olwenziwa ziinyosi,

amabhabhathane kunye nezinye

Izisasazi

ziyazithanda

iintyatyambo

ezahlukeneyo

5.7.1 UKWENZIWA NOKUGCINWA KWEMBEWU

Kukonke, imbewu idinga ukuhlala isendaweni epholileyo, ebumnyameni kwaye ihlale yomile ukugcina

umgangatho wokusebenza kwayo kangangoko. Xa imbewu igcinwe kumaqondo obushushu

nasekufumeni okwehlukeneyo, iye ikhawuleze ukuphulukana namandla ayo okuntshula. Ngezansi

kukhona amanqaku ambalwa abalulekileyo achaza indlela ekuyiyo yokugcina imbewu:

¾Ukufuma; imbewu ifunxa ubumanzi obuvela emoyeni. Imbewu idinga ukugcinwa ungaphansi

kwamaphesenti alishumi obumanzi kwindawo eyomileyo okanye evalelekileyo emoyeni.

¾ Qikelela ukupakisha kooplastiki.

¾Ukukhanye kuyayinciphisa impilo yembewu, beka imbewu yakho kwindlu okanje ingqayi

emnyama. Kufuneka ihlaliswe ebumnyameni.

¾Amzinga obushushu; imbewu ihlala ixesha elide endaweni ebandayo hayi kumaqondo

angumkhenkce.

¾Imbewu efana neyetamatisi kunye ikhukhamba ezegqunywe ngejeli ekuyiyo engqanda

imbewu ukuba imile. Lejeli idinga ukususwa, ngaphambi kokugcinwa nokuntshula

kwembewu. Le jeli ingavubelwa neswekile emva koko imbewu iyahlanjwa yomiswe.

¾Ukomiswa futhi okugqibeleleyo kuyenziwa ngejeli yesilica.

¾Ugcino ngothuthu, ikalika, kunye namagqabi esityalo thizeni omisiweyo aphinde agaywa

umzekelo, ikhala liyacetyiswa ukuqikilela ukuphepha nokungabikho komonakalo ongenziwa

zizinambuzane elugcinweni.

Ngayo yonke ipesenti

yokunciphisa

ubumanzi kwimbewu,

ubomi bembewu

buphindeka kabini

Sebenzisa isilicon

ukukhupha amanzi

kwimbewu nomthuthu

ukugcina imbewu eyomileyo.

Ubeko nobume apho kwenzelwa

khona ugcino lwembewu,

ukuqwayita, amaphepha kunye

neengqayi zokubeka imbewu.

Beka imbewu kwiingqayi zegilasi

Uvubelo lwembewu yeetumato negooseberry ukuze

cinwe zi

hinde zimile kakuhle

Beka imbewu kwindawo eyomileyo,

epholileyo, ebumnyameni.

Ubomi bembewu

buphindeka kabini

ka amazinga

obushushu

enciphiswe

ngamapesenti

5.8 IMVELISO YEZIQHAMO

Ukuvelisa iintlobo ezininzi zeziqhamo kwizinga lasekhaya, ezikwazi ukuhluma ixesha elikhulu

enyakeni kubalulekile kukhalo lokusabalalisa iintlobo

ezahlukileyo nokomelela. Iziqhamo zingaveliswa zenze

imbewu, ukusika, iingcambu, ukwahlulahlulaa kunye

nokudibanisa iingcambu. Imithi yeziqhamo idinga

ukutyalwa nzulu, kwindawo echumileyo, futhi idinga

ukunkcenkcetshelwa, ikakhulukazi xa isemincinci. Idinga

ukukhuselwa emoyeni iphinde ithenwe ebusika (iziqhamo

ze-deciduous ezifana neepesika, iplums kunye neeapile)

okanye ithenelwe ukuvelisa iziqhamo ngokuveleleyo

(imithi ehlala iluhlaza efana nesitrasi, oomango, kunye

neeavokhado). Izityalo zendalo zilungcedo xa

zinokusetyenziselwa ukugqanda izilwane nezinambuzane

(ezifana neempukane zeziqhamo, iimbovane, iintwala

kunye nezitshabalalisi) kunye nezifo.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziqhamo zikulungele ukutyalwa

kwimimmandla eyahlukeneyo yezolimo. Ngokuyintloko,

kukhona ezo zidinga ukubanda kobusika (sub-tropical

fruit), ezifana neeapile, amapere, amaplums, iidiliya kunye neepesika kunye neziqhamo zetropikhali

ezingakwaziyo ukuphila ngaphansi komkhenkce wobusika ezifana neemango,iibhanana, iiavokhado,

kunye nee-litchis. Isitrasi yona iyakwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo, kodwa idinga

ukunkcenkcetshelwa ngokwaneleyo.

UPHUNYEZO:

-Iigadi okanye izitiya

-SeIihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1, nengu 0.1 ukuya kwenye

-Amaxabiso aphakathi nendawo (imbewu kunye nezityalo), kusetyenziswa izixhobo

zasendaweni,

-Inomsebenzi omninzi kwaye idinga ulwazi olunzulu

Sebenzisa amayeza endalo afana nepyrethrum, amafutha

ezembiwa kunye nelime yesulphur. Sebenzisa umgubo

ween

cambu xa uzohlukanisa izit

alo n

okuzisika.

Ukunkcenkcetshela umthi

weeorenji, nezitya

ezibamba amanzi

Imithi yeetumato ecakaciweyo yenza imbewu

enevithamini C ezininzi kunye neziqhamo

kweyokwindla ukuya kucanzibe apho suke zincinci

iiih

Ukucakacwa kusukela kwimbewu,

igranadila, ukotapeya kunye neemango,

igooseberries, kunye nemithi yeetumato.

Sebenzisa amagqabi kunye nezitya

zokubamba amanzi ukusebenzisa

amaenvula ngokupheleleyo kwimithi

Indlela yasekhaya yokubamba

iiimpukane zeziqhamo yenziwe

ngeorenji kunye namanzi aneswekile

Tyala imithi kwimingxunya

emideegcwaliswe ngomgquba uphinde

wenze indawo yokukhongozela iphinde

igcine amanzi okunkcenkcetshela

5.9 IMVELISO YEMANGO YENDALO

Iimango zomelele kakhulu kwaye zenza kakuhle kwindawo eziphakathi kobusika nobushushu

behlobo. Kuneenhlobo zendalo ezikhuliseka kalula ngembewu. Nezininzi ke intlobo zeemango

zanamhlanje ezikhuliselwa ukuba zibenkulu, nencasa kunye nefayibha encinci, kepha ukuvelisa

iziqhamowhere ezingqwenelekayo

zimeliselwa kwiingcambu eziqinileyo kwaye

ezimelana nezofo. Imizekelo yamagama

eentlobo eziqhelekileyo kulamaxesha zi-Keit,

i-Kent, i-Shelley kunye neTommy Atkins.

Ezintlobo zithengiswa njengeziqhamo, ijusi,

imango eyomileyo kunye nezikhumba

zeziqhamo.

Ngezansi kukho iingcebiso ezimbalwa

zokukhulisa imithi yeemango zendalo:

-Yenza umgquba kwinyanga ezine

ukuya kwezintandathu ngaphambi

kokuba utyale.

-Tyala imithi efunyenweyo kutsha nje

yasentlakohlaza kwimngxunya

elinganiswelwa kumashumi

asithandathu esentimitha (60x60cm)

ezaliswe ngomxube womgquba,

umhlaba, ikalika, kunye namathambo. Yakha isitya sokunkcenkcetshela esijikeleze umthi

ugqibe ubonelele ngesigqumatheli/isifumisi mhlaba.

-Umgquba wongezelelwa unyaka nonyaka, ngemva kokuqhamisa iziqhamo.

-Ukithena kuye kwenziwe unyakaa nonyaka ngemva kokuqhamisa ukuqinisekisa uphahla

lomthi oluvulelekileyo, apho zonke iziqhamo zinokuthi zifumane imitha yelanga.

-Imithi esemincinci idinga amashumi amabini ukuya kwamane eelitha zamanzi ngeveki.

IMFUNEKO:

-Imvula: kufanele ibengaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu anesihlanu ngonyaka

(>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Ubume bendawo: kumele ibesendaweni elithambeka

- Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo

-Ukunkcenkcetshela, indlela yokufukelela emanzini okunkcenkcetshela ibalulekile.

UPHUNYEZO:

- Iigadi okanye izitiya

-Iihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1, nengu 0.1 ukuya kwenye

-Amaxabiso aphakathi nendawo, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zangaphandle nezasendaweni,

ukufikeleleka kwiintlobo-ntlobo ezintsha zizityalo

-Kulula ukuyilawula, kodwa ifuna iingcali kwezobuchwephetshe.

Ukunyuswa kwexabiso leziselo (i-juice) kunye nokomiswa

komango

Umthi wemango otheniweyo ukhulella

emacaleni kabutsha, kunomgquba

owongezelwe kwikhongozeli

sokunkcenkcetshela nokufumisa.

Umdiliya womfama osemncinci eLimpopo,

uzocwaningwa ngumphathi woomango.

Ukuthena, umgquba kunye nesitya

sokunkcenkcetshela zifakelwe umthi

wemango omdala ukuwubuyisela

kwimveliso

6 UKUNGENELELA KWEMFUYO

Ezi ziinkalo zolawulo lwemfuyo okuye kwenzeke zihambisane nokutyala okanye zibandakanyeke

ekungeneleleni kwinkqrubo yezolimo ukwenza inkqrubo enye edibeneyo.

Kwelicandelo sizojongisisa iindlela esingaqhuba ngazo ezingathi zinyusele amazinga ziphinde

ziphuhlise ifula kunye nokukhethwa kwamadlela angathi ondle imfuyo.

6.1 UKHETHA KWINDAWO ZOLIMO LWEMITHI

Izityalo zemithi zixutywe kulenkqubo yezolima kungaba ngokweziqendu zomhlaba, ukutyala uhlobo

olunye lwesityalo okanye phakathi kokutyalwa kwezityalo zonyaka (ngokuqhelekileyo kuye kube

kukutyalwa kwengca phakathi kombona-(strip cropping)). Livestock fodder species such as pigeon

pea (udali), acacia species (umhlalankwazi), Sesbani sesban (umsokosoko), Moringa olifeara and

Leauceana spp are common.

IMFUNEKO:

-Imvula: kufanele ibengaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu anesihlanu ngonyaka (>350mm/year)

-Amaqondo obushushu: angaphezulu kwesihlanu (>5°C)

-Ubume bendawo: kungaba yindawo ezipesenti ezilishumi nantlanu okanye ezilinganiselwa ku 1.5 (1,5&-

15%)

-Umhlaba: lonke uhlobo

UPHUNYEZO:

- Iigadi, amasimi

-Iihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1, ukuya ku 0.1

nenye, okanye zibengaphezulu kwesibini (>2ha)

-Amaxabiso aphakathi nendawo (ngawe mbewu,

okanye ezinye izixhobo zokulima), kwaye

kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni

-Iyasebenzisa kakhulu.

Ibhokhwe idla udali

Umgca we-Moringas etyalwe ensimini encinane I-Leaucena ityalwe kuluhlu lothango olutyalwe imbotyi

(ngaphambili) kunye nombona (ngemva)

Isityalo i-Sesbania ikhula ensimini kuluhlu lothango

Imizekelo yokutyala imithi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwenye

imbonakalo mhlaba kubekhona udali (i-pigeon peas)

6.2 INKQUBO YE-AGRI-SILVIPASTORAL

Inkqrubo ye-Agri-silvicultural iyintlanganisela yokutyalwa kwemithi ebandakanye ukudityaniswa

kwezityalo unye nemithi, ngenjongo zokwandisa imiphumela nezibonelelo kweso siqithi.

Iinkqrubo ezitholakala ngaphansi koluhlelo ziquka:

-Ukutyalwa kwe-Alley; ukutyalwa kweentlobo zemithi kuthango okanye ukulinywa kweentlobo

ngeentlobo zezityalo kwi-alley phakathi namathango. Izixhobo zemithi zibalulekile

ukuphuhlisa ukuchuma komhlaba kunye nokukhula kwezityalo.

-I phuhlisa ii-fallows. Iintlobo zemithi ziye zityalwe zishiywe ukuba zikhule ngemaxesha ee-

farrows. Intlobo zemithi ziphuhlisa ukuchuma komhlaba kunye nomthamo wokubamba

amanzi.

-Igadi zasemakhaya; ziye zibe busondelana; zibe kwindawo ezininzi ezidibanisa intlobo-ntlobo

zemithi kunye nezityalo ezijikeleze imizi. Iphinde ibonelele ngemisebenzi emininzi efana

nokwenza umthunzi, amachiza, iziqhamu kunye nefula.

-Imithi enemisebenzi emininzi kumhlaba wezityalo; imithi iyasabalaliswa okanye

ilungelelaniswe ngendlela thizeni ehambisana neziqhoboshi, ngemimmandla okanye ibe

kwimida yentsimi. Lemithi ikhethelwe ukulungisa initrogen, iphinde ibonelele ngeziqhamo ,

ngeenkuni zomlilo kunye nefula.

UPHUNYEZO:

- Iigadi,amasimi, imfuyo

-Iihekthara ezingaphansi kuka-0.1, ukuya ku 0.1 nenye, okanye zibengaphezulu kwesibini

(>2ha)

-Amaxabiso aphakathi nendawo (ngawe mbewu kunye nezityalo), nezixhobo zasekuhlaleni.

-Iyasebenzisa kakhulu kwaye idinga ulwazi olunzulu.

Izihlahla zemidumba zityalwe endaweni

zamadlelweni, kwenzelwa ukukhangela

yimfuyo

Idlelo lityalwe phakathi kwezihlahla kwi

diliya kwenzelwa amadlela kunye

nomthunzi wemfuyo.

6.3 ISONDLO KUNYE NOXHASO LWEMFUYO

Ukuxhaswa kwemfuyo ngesondlo kuyindlela yokulawula esetyenziswa ukubonelele imfuyo ngezondlo

ezingekhoyo emadlelweni. Lenkqrubo ibaluleke kakhulu ebusika, apha ingca ingqongopheleyo

emadlelweni kwaye amadlelo anesondlo esisemgangathweni ophansi kakhulu (umzekelo

ukungqongophala okanye ukungabikho kweproteni) Ungakhetha kwiinhlelo ezingezantsi zesibonelelo

sesondlo:

-Ukudla okuneeproteni kunye nolwelo olufana ne- Voermol Premix 450 (engumgubo) kunye ne-LS 33

(engamanzi)

-Iinkozo nembewu efana nombona ogutyiweyo, amazimba, nokunye okuninzi.

-Ilitye elikhothwayo, kukhothwa kokubini amaminerali kunye neproteni.

Uxhaso lwesondlo lungaphinde luze ngendlela yeentlobo ezahlukileyo zefula. Oku kumanyene

nokukhulisa iintlobo zefula ezinexabiso eliphezulu nelingcono lwesondlo xa lithelekiswa nefula

langaku. Intlobo ezininzi zefula zityalelwa ukwandisa uhlaza lwefula olunexabiso eliphezulu ebusika.

Umzekelo wezintlobo ubandakanya: i-Lucerne, ifula le-rye, I -oats emnyama (saia-black oats), i-vetch,

i-Teff, ifula i-radish, i-Japanese radish, i-Kale, i-turnips. Iintlobo zengca engatshiyo ehlala iluhlaza

nasebusika efana ne-kikuyu kunye neTall fescue zingumbono omhle.

Ukondliwa kwemfuyo ngohlobo lovalelo yendlela yokulawula evumela amathole kuphela ukuba

akwazi ukungena afumane ukutya okunesondlo okwengezelelweyo ngexesha esancela konini.

Amathole aye abe nendlela angina ukuyodla koluxhaso , okuyindawo ebiyelweyo enesango elivulela

amankonyane ngokwaneleyo kodwa iphinde ibe mxinwa ukungenisa inkomo endala, yilonto ke le

ebizwa nge ‘creep feeding’.

UPHUNYEZO:

- Kudingeka ubenemfuyo

-Iihekthara ezingu 0.1 kuya kwenye, okanye zibengaphezulu kwenye (>1ha)

-Amaxabiso aphakathi nendawo kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni.

-Iyasebenzisa kwaye idinga ulwazi olunzulu.

Ukuxhaswa kwefula kwenziwe ngokomisa

amagqabi e-Sesbania sesban, ityuwa kunye

nombona ogayiweyo.

Umzekelo wesondlo sokuvalela (creep) okuyindlela

yamankonyane.

i-Japanese radish

Isityalo se-vetch kunye nengqolowa i-Saia zityalwe kwinsimi yombona

uty

ebus

i-LS 33 kunye ne-premix 450

Ibhloko yeproteni eyenziwe ekhayeni-lebhloko ibandakanya i-

molasses, i-urea, isidle seproteni , isidlo se-urea proteni,

umthombo we-phosphorous. Amanzi, isamente encinci kunye

netyuwa.

6.4 UKONDLA NGESITALI KUNYE NOKWENZA I-HAY

Ukondla ngesitali ngokusisiseko kuchaza ukusika uphinde uthwale isondlo eso semfuyo uyosibeka

esibayeni sazo, kanjalo unciphisa umonakalo ungenziwa yimfuyo emasimini kwaye uqinisekisa

isandlo esibhetele.

i-Hay yingca yokondla iinkomo

eyomileyo ingenziwa ngengca

yasemadlelweni, intlobo ezithile

zengca ezifana ne-lucerne, i-

cowpea, i-Teff nezinye okanye

iindiza neentsalela zezityalo. I-bale

ye-Hay ingenziwa ibencinane

ngezandla kusetyenziswa umatshini

wokwenza ama-bale, ikakhulukazi

kumafama amancinci.

UPHUNYEZO:

- Kudingeka ubenemfuyo

-Iihekthara ezingu 0.1 kuya kwenye, okanye zibengaphezulu kwenye (>*1ha)

-Amaxabiso aphakathi nendawo kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni.

-Iyasebenzisa kwaye idinga ulwazi olunzulu

I-bale le-Lucerne i-bale le-Eragrostis Teff

Ukwenziwa kwe-baler lezandla, ne-bale lengca yasemadlelweni

Ukondlela esibayeni

Indiza zemidumba (imbotyi yesoya)

Isitaki sendiza zombona

6.5 UKUJIKELEZA AMADLELO

Ukutyisa qho emadlelweni anohlobo lwengca ethandekayo kuyekudambisa ukuthandeka kwayo

kwandise izityalo ezingathandekiyo kulondawo. Ukugcina imveliso kumhlaba onengca kuyimfuneko

ekuphumzeni ingxenye yedlelo kwixesha

lonke lokukhulisa. Oku kuvumela izityalo

zengca ukuba zigcine umsoco nezondlo

kwiingcambu okuphinde kwnze ingca ibe

nomsoco omninzi.

Ngokufanelekileyo enye yekota yamadlelo

kumele iphunyuzwe ekudlisweni rhoqo

ngemva konyaka abane. Kubalulekile

kubafuyi bemfuyo ukusebenzisana ukunza

umsebenzi walenkqrubo yokujikelezisa

amadle.

UPHUNYEZO:

- Kudingeka ubenemfuyo

-Iihekthara ezingaphezulu kwenye

(>1ha)

- Amaxabiso aphakathi nendawo

kusetyenziswa izixhobo zasekuhlaleni.

-Iyasebenzisa kwaye idinga ulwazi olunzulu

Ukutyisa emadlelweni ekuqaleni kwexesha, ingca yonke isencinci,

ubungqina bubonakala ngokhukhuliseko mhlaba.

Idlelo lexesha lakamva elilawulwa kakuhle, linengca eninzi

ebomvu (i-Themeda triandra), ikhombisa ngombala wentloko

yembewu eqhakaze ubomvu. Kwegqumeke kakuhle ngengca,

kunye nomxube weentlobo-ntlobo ezihlukileyo zengca.